Petrographic and Geochemical Characteristic of Volcanic Rocks, Outcropping South of Aritoprak (İpekyolu-Van)
Abstract
Bu tez, yerel jeolojik ortamı daha iyi anlamak amacıyla, Anadolu'nun güney kesiminde, Van Gölü'nün güneyindeki Arıtoprak köyünde bulunan magmatik kayaçların petrografik ve jeokimyasal özelliklerini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Arıtoprak köyündeki magmatik kayaçlar; mineraloji, petrografi ve jeokimyasal özelliklerini elde etmek amacıyla incelenmiş ve bunu sağlamak için çalışma alanındaki çeşitli lokasyonlardan petrografik ve jeokimyasal analiz için on bir kayaç örneği seçilmiştir. Örnekler bazalt, gabro, andezit ve peridotit içermektedir. Kayaç türlerindeki çeşitlilik yoluyla, bu bölgenin yitim süreçleri ve gerilmeli tektonik ortamlar gibi farklı jeolojik faaliyetlere maruz kaldığı ve karmaşık bir magmatik geçmişe sahip olduğu sonucuna varılabilir. Bu kapsamda, volkanik kayaçlarımız (bazalt ve andezit) ve plutonik kayaçlarımız (gabro ve peridotit) mevcuttur. Bazalt kayaç örnekleri esas olarak plajiyoklas ve olivinden oluşmakta olup bazı damarlar kalsit ile doludur; gabro, amfibol, klorit, zeolit ve serisit gibi ikincil minerallerle birlikte orta taneli piroksen ve plajiyoklastan oluşur; ağ dokusuna (mesh texture) sahip peridotit örneklerine ise olivin ve az miktarda piroksen ve spinel ile birkaç plajiyoklas tanesi hakimdir. Tüm örneklerin kızdırma kaybı (LOI), orta düzeyde bir alterasyon oranını göstermekte olup, bu durum tüm örneklerin düşük ila orta derecede alterasyondan etkilendiğini açıklamaktadır. Jeokimyasal analiz, örneklerin SiO₂ içeriğine bağlı olarak ortaç ile ultramafik arasında değiştiğini göstermiştir. Al₂O₃ içeriği ile gösterilen plajiyoklas bolluğu, en yüksek konsantrasyona gabro ve bazaltta sahiptir. HNTE'ler (LREE), fraksiyonel kristalleşme sırasındaki uyumsuzlukları nedeniyle bazalt ve andezit dahil olmak üzere volkanik kayaçlarda zenginleşmiştir. İtriyum (Y), eriyikte kalması ve erken oluşan minerallere dahil olması nedeniyle ultramafik kayaçlarda düşüktür. ANTE (HREE) ile YAŞE (HFSE) arasındaki pozitif korelasyonlar, diferansiyasyon sırasında bunların uyumsuzluğunu ve eriyik zenginleşmesini göstermektedir. Kayaç örnekleri iki tiptedir: kalk-alkalen serisi ve toleyit serisi; hepsi metalümino tiptedir. Peridotit ve gabro, Bitlis-Zagros kenet kuşağı boyunca Geç Kretase ofiyolit obdüksiyonu (~90-70 My) sırasında oluşan Neotesis okyanusal litosferinin kalıntılarını temsil etmektedir. Bazalt ve andezit örnekleri, tektonik aktivite ile ilişkili daha genç bir magmatizma yaşını göstermektedir. Bu volkanik kayaçlar Üst Kretase'ye tarihlenmekte ve Doğu Anadolu'daki yaygın kalk-alkalen volkanizma ile ilişkilidir.
This thesis is to investigate the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks that are located in Arıtoprak village, south of Lake Van, in the southern part of Anatolia, to better understand the local geological setting. The igneous rocks in Arıtoprak village were investigated in order to obtain their mineralogy, petrography, and geochemical characteristics, and to achieve that, eleven rock samples were chosen for petrographic and geochemical analysis from various locations in the studied area. The samples include basalt, gabbro, andesite, and peridotite. Through the variation in rock types, it can be concluded that this area has been subjected to different geological activities like subduction processes and extensional tectonic environments and has a complex magmatic history. For this, we have volcanic rocks (basalt and andesite) and plutonic rocks (gabbro and peridotite). Basalt rock samples are composed mainly of plagioclase and olivine, with some veins filled with calcite; gabbro consists of medium-grained pyroxene and plagioclase with secondary minerals like amphibole, chlorite, zeolite, and sericite; and the peridotite samples with mesh texture are dominated by olivine and a minor amount of pyroxene and spinel with a few grains of plagioclase. The loss on ignition (LOI) of all samples indicates a moderate ratio of alteration, explaining that all samples have been affected by a low to moderate degree of alteration. Geochemical analysis showed the samples ranged from intermediate to ultramafic depending on Sio2 content. The abundance of plagioclase shown by the Al₂O₃ content, has the highest concentration in gabbro and basalt. LREE are enriched in volcanic rocks, including basalt and andesite, because of their incompatibility during fractional crystallization. Yttrium (Y) is low in ultramafic rock because it remains in melt and incorporates into early-forming minerals. The positive correlations between HREE with HFSE show their incompatibility and melt enrichment during differentiation. The rock samples are two types: calc-alkaline series and tholeiite series, all metaluminous type. Peridotite and gabbro represent the remains of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere that formed during Late Cretaceous ophiolite obduction (~90–70 Ma) along the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone. The basalt and andesite samples indicate a younger age of magmatism related to tectonic activity. These volcanic rocks date upper cretaseous and are associated with extensive calc-alkaline volcanism in eastern Anatolia.
This thesis is to investigate the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of igneous rocks that are located in Arıtoprak village, south of Lake Van, in the southern part of Anatolia, to better understand the local geological setting. The igneous rocks in Arıtoprak village were investigated in order to obtain their mineralogy, petrography, and geochemical characteristics, and to achieve that, eleven rock samples were chosen for petrographic and geochemical analysis from various locations in the studied area. The samples include basalt, gabbro, andesite, and peridotite. Through the variation in rock types, it can be concluded that this area has been subjected to different geological activities like subduction processes and extensional tectonic environments and has a complex magmatic history. For this, we have volcanic rocks (basalt and andesite) and plutonic rocks (gabbro and peridotite). Basalt rock samples are composed mainly of plagioclase and olivine, with some veins filled with calcite; gabbro consists of medium-grained pyroxene and plagioclase with secondary minerals like amphibole, chlorite, zeolite, and sericite; and the peridotite samples with mesh texture are dominated by olivine and a minor amount of pyroxene and spinel with a few grains of plagioclase. The loss on ignition (LOI) of all samples indicates a moderate ratio of alteration, explaining that all samples have been affected by a low to moderate degree of alteration. Geochemical analysis showed the samples ranged from intermediate to ultramafic depending on Sio2 content. The abundance of plagioclase shown by the Al₂O₃ content, has the highest concentration in gabbro and basalt. LREE are enriched in volcanic rocks, including basalt and andesite, because of their incompatibility during fractional crystallization. Yttrium (Y) is low in ultramafic rock because it remains in melt and incorporates into early-forming minerals. The positive correlations between HREE with HFSE show their incompatibility and melt enrichment during differentiation. The rock samples are two types: calc-alkaline series and tholeiite series, all metaluminous type. Peridotite and gabbro represent the remains of the Neotethyan oceanic lithosphere that formed during Late Cretaceous ophiolite obduction (~90–70 Ma) along the Bitlis–Zagros suture zone. The basalt and andesite samples indicate a younger age of magmatism related to tectonic activity. These volcanic rocks date upper cretaseous and are associated with extensive calc-alkaline volcanism in eastern Anatolia.
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Keywords
Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Geological Engineering
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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