Ozlek, EsinAcikgoz, EdaGokkaya, Nesibe ZeynebTasan, AhmetAltindag, Fikret2025-05-102025-05-1020231472-683110.1186/s12903-023-03244-z2-s2.0-85165950415https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03244-zhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14720/10453Background This study aims to histologically evaluate the efficiency of debris removal through activation of 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCI using laser, ultrasonic, and intracanal heating methods.Methods Sixty-four maxillary central incisor teeth were randomly divided into two groups according to the irrigation solution (n = 32); 2.5% NaOCI and 5.25% NaOCI. Subsequently, the samples were further divided into four subgroups according to the final irrigation activation technique (n = 8); SubgroupA: Er,Cs:YSGG laser, SubgroupB: Ultrasonic, Subgroup C: Intracanal heating, Subgroup D: no activation. Generalized Linear Models and Bonferroni tests were used for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).Results The effect of NaOCI concentration was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the activation of NaOCI by laser exhibited a statistically significant difference compared to the ultrasonic and intracanal heating methods (p < 0.001).Conclusion The efficiency of root canal cleaning increases with higher NaOCI concentration. Activation of NaOCI also significantly enhances its effectiveness.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessIrrigationRoot Canal PreparationSodium HypochloriteIrrigation Activation TechniqueErCs:Ysgg LaserArticle231Q2Q237507750WOS:001040405800002