Yakin, Ahmet2026-04-022026-04-0220262162-65611064-228510.1615/HeatTransRes.20250598012-s2.0-105031091454https://hdl.handle.net/123456789/30092https://doi.org/10.1615/HeatTransRes.2025059801This study investigates the effects of Mn-YG (manganese-phthalocyanine) fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke spark-ignition engine. Engine tests were conducted at a constant speed of 2500 rpm under varying load conditions using two fuel blends, Mn-YG5 (5% Mn-YG by volume) and Mn-YG10 (10% Mn-YG by volume), compared with pure gasoline. The results revealed notable improvements in fuel efficiency and emission reductions, particularly at low-load conditions. The Mn-YG10 blend exhibited higher energy density and combustion efficiency, achieving reductions in specific fuel consumption of 28.82%, while Mn-YG5 achieved 29.97% compared to gasoline. Both blends substantially decreased CO and NOx emissions, with Mn-YG5 reducing NOx by 22.27% and Mn-YG10 by 17.16%. Although CO2 emissions increased under higher loads, overall reductions of 18.51% (Mn-YG5) and 12.72% (Mn-YG10) were observed. Additionally, brake thermal efficiency improved by 4.48% for Mn-YG5 and 10.39% for Mn-YG10, indicating enhanced heat-to-work conversion and reduced fuel consumption. These findings highlight the potential of Mn-YG fuel additives in improving engine performance and contributing to emission mitigation.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessMn–phthalocyanineEngine PerformanceGasoline EngineMn-phthalocyanineExhaust EmissionsArticle