Sozer, Omer Taha2026-03-012026-03-0120260191-88691873-354910.1016/j.paid.2026.1136932-s2.0-105029423996https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2026.113693https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14720/29848Sözer, Ömer Taha/0000-0001-8955-3194Procrastination is a highly prevalent phenomenon, with literature highlighting various individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with this tendency. Among individual factors, trait-based approaches are the most prominent, yet significant heterogeneity exists within these frameworks. The present study utilized the trait structures of the neuroscience-based Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Level of Personality Functioning (LPFS), emerging from the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in DSM-5, as the primary conceptual framework. A total of 476 participants completed self-report measures of o-BIS, reward interest, LPFS-BF, general procrastination scale (GPS-9), and GHQ-12. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that both reward sensitivity and personality functioning were significant predictors of procrastination, with personality functioning accounting for an additional 11% of variance beyond trait-based approaches. Furthermore, approximately 9% of the effect of personality functioning on psychological symptoms was mediated by procrastination. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of reward sensitivity and highlight approaches addressing different facets of personality. In addition to clinical implications, the study addresses limitations that may guide future research.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessProcrastinationRewardPunishmentPersonalityMental HealthLevel of Personality FunctioningTemperamentArticle