Yerli, Caner2025-05-102025-05-1020242040-22442408-935410.2166/wcc.2024.0722-s2.0-85203175797https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2024.072https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14720/10806Yerli, Caner/0000-0002-8601-8791The study was conducted under two water qualities (fresh water (FW), recycled wastewater (RWW)) and two biochar treatments (no biochar (No-B) and biochar (B)). It was determined that B reduced the actual evapotranspiration by saving irrigation water and that biomass yield increased in RWW and B; thus, RWW and B provided higher WPirrigation and WP. RWW and B increased OM, TN, P2O5, K2O, CEC, porosity, and aggregate stability, thus encouraging the development of the physical-physiological properties, ADF-NDF content, and biomass yields of the crop, but causing EC to increase. RWW and B resulted in higher macro-microelement contents and heavy metal (HM) contamination in the soil; thus, increases were observed in the macro-microelements and the HM content of the crop grown in RWW and B, but the absorption and buffering capacity of B limited the Na-Cd-Cr-Ni uptake of maize. However, the HM contents of the soil-crop did not exceed international standards in all treatments except the Cd content of maize. It was found that the use of B in irrigation with RWW can be recommended, considering the productivity-increasing contribution and the effectiveness of B in reducing the possible HM risks of RWW in maize cultivation, but monitoring the Cd content of maize and the EC of the soil.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessBiocharIrrigationMaizeRecycled WastewaterSoil PropertiesYieldArticle158Q2Q237923814WOS:001269070800001