Browsing by Author "Boyno, Gokhan"

Now showing 1 - 11 of 11

Biological Control of Three Fungal Diseases in Strawberry (Fragaria X Ananassa) With Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
(Mdpi, 2023) Demir, Semra; Durak, Emre Demirer; Gunes, Hasret; Boyno, Gokhan; Mulet, Jose M.; Danesh, Younes Rezaee; Porcel, Rosa
Similar to many other plant-based products, strawberries are susceptible to fungal diseases caused by various pathogen groups. In recent years, efforts have been made to combat these diseases using biological control methods, particularly the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study aimed to determine the effects of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Gigaspora margarita (Gm)) on Rhizoctonia fragariae (Rf), Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), and Alternaria alternata (Aa), which are major pathogens for strawberry. The results showed that the effects of AMF on disease severity and plant growth varied depending on the pathogens involved. Rf caused the highest disease severity, followed by Fo and Aa, but all AMF treatments significantly reduced the disease severity compared to control treatments. The study also found that the specific AMF species and their combinations influenced plant growth responses under different pathogenic conditions. Different AMF treatments resulted in varying increases in plant fresh weight, dry weight, and length, depending on the pathogen. Moreover, the application of AMF led to increased levels of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and phosphorus content in pathogen-infected plants compared to control treatments. Fm was more efficient than Gm in increasing these biochemical parameters. The levels of root colonization by AMF were similar among different AMF treatments, but the effects on fungal spore density varied depending on the pathogen. Some AMF treatments increased fungal spore density, while others did not show significant differences. In conclusion, our research sheds light on the differential effects of AMF species on disease severity, plant growth, and biochemical parameters in strawberry plants facing diverse pathogens. These findings underscore the potential benefits of AMF in disease management, as they reduce disease severity and bolster plant growth and defense mechanisms.
Biological Defence Against Cadmium Stress in Wheat with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma: Synergistic Effects on Plant and Soil Health
(Elsevier France-editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2025) Boyno, Gokhan
Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils presents a serious threat to crop productivity, soil health, and ecological sustainability. This study aims to elucidate the synergistic potential of two beneficial microorganisms-Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), and Trichoderma harzianum (Th)-in mitigating Cd-stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under controlled conditions. Unlike previous studies that examined these microorganisms individually, this research focuses on their combined application to explore potential interactive effects on plant and soil health. Wheat plants were inoculated with Fm and treated with Th under Cd-stress. After ten-weeks, comprehensive physiological, biochemical, and rhizospheric evaluations were conducted. Cd exposure significantly reduced shoot length by 10 %, total dry-biomass by 24 %, and chlorophyll content by 14 % while increasing oxidative stress markers. In contrast, the Fm + Th treatment significantly improved plant-biomass (by 81 %), restored chlorophyll content (by 16 %), and reduced Cd-translocation from roots to shoots (by 20 %) compared to Cdonly. Antioxidant enzyme activities and phenolic compound levels were also enhanced, indicating co-activation of oxidative stress mitigation pathways. Additionally, Fm and Th acted as indicators of improved soil health, demonstrating increased enzyme activities, organic matter content, and enhanced glomalin production and mycorrhizal colonization. Significant increase in phosphorus uptake was observed in the Fm + Th treatment. This study thus indicates novel synergistic mechanisms of Fm and Th as opposing agents against Cdtoxicity in wheat. These results suggest that integrated microbial approaches can be efficient and sustainable tools for the remediation of plant resilience and soils functionality in contaminated agroecosystems.
The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emission From Turfgrass Soil Under Different Irrigation Intervals
(Iwa Publishing, 2024) Boyno, Gokhan; Yerli, Caner; Cakmakci, Talip; Sahin, Ustun; Demir, Semra
Increased nutrient and/or water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can affect soil biochemical properties and emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, an experiment was designed to investigate the effect of AM fungi (AMF) on CO(2 )emissions from turfgrass. Three different AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Rhizophagus irregularis) were used in this experiment. Turfgrass plants were cultivated in pots containing both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soils over a 10-week period. To mimic real-world conditions, the plants underwent irrigation cycles at intervals of 1, 2, and 3 days, replicating common irrigation practices in turfgrass fields. The research aimed to comprehensively understand the effects of AMF and varying irrigation intervals on CO2 emissions, soil characteristics, plant growth, and AMF parameters. It was observed that the changing irrigation intervals affected the AM symbiosis and this effect increased as the irrigation interval increased. It was determined that this AM symbiosis created with the plant significantly reduced CO2 emissions. In addition, it was determined that it regulates the soil structure and increases plant growth. In conclusion, it can be said that AMF species reduce CO2 emissions by reducing the need for water in the turfgrass.
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) and Water (H2o) Emissions in Turfgrass Soil Under Different Salinity Irrigation Levels
(Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2023) Boyno, Gokhan; Yerli, Caner; Cakmakci, Talip; Sahin, Ustun; Demir, Semra
Host plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are widely believed to tolerate stressful situations such as heat, salinity, drought, metals, and extreme temperatures. However, increased nutrient and/or water uptake by AM symbiosis may affect soil biochemical properties and emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, an experiment was designed to investigate the effect of AM fungi on CO2 and water (H2O) emissions in lawns. Three different AM fungi species were used in this experiment (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis). Turfgrass plants were grown in pots in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soils for ten weeks, and the plants were subjected to irrigation cycles with salted water at 0.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 dS m(-1) ratios. The effects of AM fungi and saline irrigation at different rates on CO2 and H2O emissions and their effects on plant morphological growth and AM fungi parameters were also evaluated. At the end of the experiment, it was seen that irrigations with different salt ratios affected AM fungi, which was negative as the salt ratio increased. Nevertheless, a symbiosis was established between the plant and the AM fungi. CO2 and H2O emissions and soil temperature decreased with mycorrhiza treatments and increased irrigation water salinity. In addition, it was determined that AM fungi increased plant growth under salt stress. Among the AM fungi species, especially C. Etunicatum was more successful.
Effects of Some Biological Agents on the Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Tomato Plants Infected With Alternaria Solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer
(Springer, 2022) Boyno, Gokhan; Demir, Semra; Danesh, Younes Rezaee
The effects of three biological control agents (BCAs) including Funneliformis mosseae BEG12 (FM) as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bacillus velezensis V40K2 (BV) as plant growth-promoter rhizobacterium (PGPR) and Trichoderma viride NTC2 (TV) as plant growth-promoter fungus (PGPF) against Alternaria solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer (AS) were studied. For this purpose, 2.5 g FM (150 spores g(-1)) was inoculated in the seed bed. After seedling emergence, TV (1 x 10(6) spor/ml) as well as BV (1 x 10(8) CFU mL(-1)) were inoculated. Then, onee week after TV and BV treatments, 1 x 10(6) spore mL(-1) of AS was inoculated by spraying on each plant. It was found that the single, double and triple combinations of these selected biocontrol agents against pathogen generally suppressed the disease severity and stimulated the plant growth. Compared to other treatments without any positive effects, the use of the AM fungal treatment had positive effects on the total phenolic content as well as antioxidant activity. Also, the highest total phosphorus content was observed in FM + TV + AS (7.3%) and AS (8.0%) treatments. No statistically significant difference was observed among the combinations in terms of the AMF colonization rate and soil spore density, which showing that mycorrhizal dependency did not occur in the FM + TV + BV + AS treatment (-6.7). However, compared to the control group, this treatment did not affect on disease suppression and plant growth parameters.
Effects of Some Biological Agents on the Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Tomato Plants Infected With Alternaria Solani (Ellis & Martin) Sorauer (2021) (Oct, 10.1007/S10658-021-02398-2, 2021)
(Springer, 2022) Boyno, Gokhan; Demir, Semra; Danesh, Younes Rezaee
Genetic Diversity of Trichoderma Harzianum Isolates in Sunflower Rhizosphere: the Application of the Urp Molecular Marker
(Mdpi, 2022) Danesh, Younes Rezaee; Pellegrini, Marika; Kariman, Khalil; Boyno, Gokhan; Djebaili, Rihab; Farda, Beatrice; Najafi, Solmaz
The genetic diversity of 77 Trichoderma harzianum isolates collected from sunflower rhizosphere soils in Urmia, Khoy, and Salmas in West Azerbaijan province, Iran, was evaluated by using the Universal Rice Primer (URP) molecular marker. The DNA band pattern of the isolates was developed using seven primers of this marker. These primers produced 186 gene loci, out of which 182 loci were polymorphic. Accordingly, the genetic diversity of the isolates was calculated, and their kinship relations were determined by cluster analysis using the NTSYS software package. URP-6R had the highest marker index among the studied primers, followed by URP-1F, URP-4R, and URP-25F, implying their higher efficiency in discriminating between the isolates. The results showed that the URP marker could discriminate between isolates using macroscopic morphological characteristics, such as color and colony type, potential of pigment production in the culture medium, and colony growth rate. Furthermore, there was no significant relationship between the geographical distribution of the isolates and the band patterns generated by the primers except for a few cases. The results generally revealed that the URP marker was an efficient tool for determining the genetic diversity of T. harzianum.
Is the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Funneliformis Mosseae a Suitable Agent To Control Criconematid Populations
(Mdpi, 2022) Manteghi, Amir; Danesh, Younes Rezaee; Hesar, Abbas Mokaram; Demir, Semra; Boyno, Gokhan; Catani, Linda; Semprucci, Federica
Several studies have shown the potential of using mycorrhizal fungi in increasing the plant yield by simultaneously reducing damages caused by pathogens. Plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are among the most feared pathogens for crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae as a mycorrhizal fungus on the population abundance of three world widespread species of nematodes from the family Criconematidae: Mesocriconema xenoplax, Mesocriconema antipolitanum, and Criconemides informis. Pure and highly abundant populations of each species were collected from Urmia city in Northwestern Iran, after the identification morphological and morphometric characteristics. The experiments were carried out in greenhouse conditions on three different rhizospheres of alfalfa, sugar beet, and wheat. After five months, the final population of nematodes and fungus, and the root surface on host plants inoculated and non-inoculated with the fungus F. mosseae, were evaluated. The results showed that the population of nematodes was increased in the presence of the fungus. It could be assumed that the extension of the host surface level of roots by the fungus resulted in more feeding sites for nematode activity and, consequently, higher population densities. In this study, the fungus did not seem to play a suitable role in controlling ectoparasitic nematode growth. However, since there are still many open questions about mycorrhizal fungi's role in agriculture, more research should be conducted.
A New Technique for the Extraction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungal Spores From Rhizosphere
(Mdpi, 2023) Boyno, Gokhan; Demir, Semra; Danesh, Younes Rezaee; Durak, Emre Demirer; Cevik, Rojbin; Farda, Beatrice; Pellegrini, Marika
Monitoring the dynamics of the spore bank of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is essential for the sustainable management and protection of agroecosystems. The most common method for extracting AMF spores from soil is the wet-sieving technique (WST). However, this method has many disadvantages. In this study, we modified the WST using new approaches: the ultrasound wet-sieving technique (UWST) and the ultrasound centrifuge technique (UCT). We enumerated and compared the numbers and quality of spores obtained from WST, UWST, and UCT to validate the new modified techniques. We extracted AMF spores from the rhizospheres of different plants, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), pepper (Piper nigrum L.), parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.), and turfgrass (Lolium perenne L.) collected from the Van Lake basin, Turkey. The highest and lowest AMF spore numbers were observed in wheat and turfgrass rhizospheres. The UCT allowed for the extraction of the highest number of spores from all rhizospheres, followed by the UWST and WST. The UWST and WST allowed for the extraction of similar spore numbers from wheat, pepper, parsley, and turfgrass rhizospheres. Beyond the high extracted spore number, UCT was shown to be a fast and low-material-consuming approach. These findings demonstrate that the UCT can be used to efficiently extract AMF spores in future research.
Plant-Mycorrhiza Communication and Mycorrhizae in Inter-Plant Communication
(Springer, 2022) Boyno, Gokhan; Demir, Semra
Plants, animals, and even microbes well communicate with each other if we look at nature in cartoon terms. However, in the real world, there is little evidence on how this communication is established. In this context, we have focused on how plants communicate with mycorrhizal fungi and how they communicate with each other using mycorrhizal networks. We divide this communication in the rhizosphere into three categories: (i) communication of the plant with the fungus (plantish), (ii) communication of the fungus with the plant (fungish), and (iii) communication among plants through mycorrhizal networks (wired communication). We propose that molecules involved in inter-kingdom symbiotic communication, such as strigolactones, chitin-related compoundsand cutin monomers in plant-fungal communication, are initially unrelated to symbiosis, but they play important roles in its development. It's not, however, known exactly whether the dialogue between plant-fungi is fungish or plantish; Despite this, since it is a language on which they agree, we consider it appropriate to call this language "symbioticish". Moreover, mycorrhizal networks offer inter-plant communication by transferring nutrients, stress signalsand allelochemicals. We present evidence showing that these mycorrhizal networks impart sophisticated intelligence to plants and that their topology is similar to that of the human's brain, with some features including scale-free and small-world network topology. The evidence presented in this review can contribute to the study of plant-mycorrhizal fungus communication and mycorrhizal networks in the inter-plant communication by establishing a better human empathy, taking a more holistic approach to examining ecosystems and caring about the health of our plants.
Synergistic Benefits of AMF: Development of Sustainable Plant Defense System
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025) Boyno, Gokhan; Danesh, Younes Rezaee; Cevik, Rojbin; Teniz, Necmettin; Demir, Semra; Durak, Emre Demirer; Mulet, Jose M.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a ubiquitous group of soil microorganisms that form symbiotic relationships with the roots of over 80% of terrestrial plant species. These beneficial fungi are crucial in plant growth, nutrition enhancement, and abiotic and biotic stress resilience. This review explores the AMF synergistic benefits including their capacity to interact with plant roots system to enhance nutrient absorption, improve stress resilience, and confer disease resistance, and their potential applications in sustainable agriculture. The Review integrates recent insights illustrating the molecular processes responsible for improving plant defense mechanisms by AMF, including the modulation of signaling pathways. It highlights the importance of AMF-induced systemic resistance in enhanced abiotic and biotic stress resistance. Moreover, the article provides an integrative perspective on applying AMF toward sustainable plant protection. Within this context, we discussed how these fungi improve plant performance, including enhanced nutrient acquisition, increased tolerance to environmental stressors, and enhanced protection against pathogens by improving plant resistance to biotic stress through the activation of the plant immune system. We also examine the ecological significance of AMF in maintaining soil health and fertility and highlight the importance of incorporating their management into sustainable agricultural practices. Future research directions and innovative applications are also presented. The literature survey demonstrated these fungi's versatility in improving plant tolerance to several biotic and abiotic stresses. At the scientific level, these abilities are supported by several open-field experiments on different plant species. Available commercial formulations and positive ongoing research of AMF, in combination with other sustainable tools, highlight the solid research outline on these beneficial fungi.