Browsing by Author "Cak, Bahattin"

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Associations Between Polymorphisms of the Csn1s1, Csn1s2, Csn2 and Csn3 Genes and Milk Composition Traits in Holstein Cattle
(Wiley, 2025) Demirel, Ahmet Fatih; Cak, Bahattin
Background Caseins are the major proteins found in cow's milk. There are four known casein fractions: alpha S1-casein, alpha S2-casein, beta-casein and kappa-casein, encoded by the CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes located on the sixth chromosome of cattle. These genes are considered candidate genes in marker-assisted selection. Therefore, it is essential to determine the relationship between these genes and quantitative characters. Objectives This study aimed to identify genotypes of CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes and investigate their effect on milk components with the PCR-RFLP method in Holstein cattle. Methods The material of the study consisted of 519 Holstein cows that managed under intensive systems in Konya (n:189), Manisa (n:195) and Diyarbak & imath;r (n:135) provinces in T & uuml;rkiye. Blood and milk samples from these cows were used in the study. The genetic structures of bovine CSN1S1, CSN1S2, CSN2 and CSN3 genes were examined by PCR-RFLP in three Holstein cattle populations. A general linear model (GLM) was applied to analyse the effect of genotypic variants on phenotypic characters. Results Results indicated that milk solids-non-fat (SNF) (p < 0.01), protein (p < 0.05) and lactose (p < 0.01) percentages were significantly affected by the genetic variants of the CSN2 gene of cow in general population. CSN2 A2A2 genotype led to a significant increase in SNF, protein and lactose percentages by 0.14, 0.05 and 0.08 in comparison to other genotypes, respectively. Moreover, significant effect of the CSN1S1 BC (p < 0.05) and CSN3 AA (p < 0.01) genotypes on fat percentage were found in Konya province. Furthermore, a statistically significant genotype-by-environment interaction was identified in both the CSN1S1 (p < 0.05) and CSN3 (p < 0.01) genes in relation to milk fat content. Conclusions As a result, after increasing the number of studies that investigated the relationship between casein genes and milk traits and determined the genetic variation of CSN1S1, CSN2 and CSN3 genes of the Holstein cattle, these genes can be a strong genetic marker as marker-assisted selection programme in early selection.
Determination of Appropriate Growth Models for Early Selection Possibilities in Goats
(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2017) Cak, Bahattin; Yilmaz, Orhan; Keskin, Siddik; Bayril, Tahir; Tariq, Mohammad Masood
Growth models present a visual assessment of growth as a function of time and predict body weight at a specific age. We investigated the growth characteristics of Colored Mohair goat using four nonlinear growth models. Thirty (n=22 males and n=8 females) Colored Mohair kids were used. The kids were weighed at 2-week intervals from birth to 150 days. The Monomolecular, Gompertz, Richards and Three Parameter Logistic models were used. The best model was determined by considering the root mean square error, R-2% and asymptotic correlation coefficient criteria. We concluded that the Gompertz and Richards models were favourable for singletons and that the Richards model was favorable for determining twin Colored Mohair goat growth characteristics. Birth type should be considered in subsequent genetic evaluations. Furthermore, producing heavier carcasses (13-17 kg) in < 150 days may increase productivity and efficiency of the goat farming system.
Effects of Lactation Stage, Age, Birth Type and Body Weight on Chemical Composotion of Red Karaman Sheep Milk
(Kafkas Univ, veteriner Fakultesi dergisi, 2011) Yilmaz, Orhan; Cak, Bahattin; Bolacali, Memis
The present study was undertaken to assess the influences of lactation stage, age, birth type and body weight of ewes on chemical properties of milk of Red Karaman sheep reared under extensive conditions. Average milk fat, protein, total solid, lactose and ash percentages of Red Karaman sheep milk were 6.31, 6.23, 17.35, 5.12 and 0.91%, respectively. Effects of lactation stage, age and body weight of ewes were significant (P<0.001; P<0.01) on milk fat and protein contents. The effect of only lactation stage was significant (P<0.01) on total solid. Milk fat and protein contents were lowest (6.20% and 5.72%) at the beginning and highest (6.44% and 6.80%) at the end of lactation stage. Significant positive phenotypic correlations were established between total solids and milk fat (0.87) and between total solids and protein (0.41). Significant negative phenotypic correlations were established between lactose and milk fat (-0.58), between lactose and protein (-0.40) and between lactose and total solid (-0.50). The results of the present study suggest that increase in milk fat was accompanied by a increase in milk protein and total solid toward the end of lactation. The younger and lighter ewes produced more milk fat and protein. Chemical compositions of milk of ewes rearing single lambs were similar to that of ewes rearing twins.
The Evaluation of Relationships Between Milk Composition Traits and Breeds With Categorical Principal Component Analysis in Akkaraman and Awasi Sheep
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2024) Cak, Bahattin; Keskin, Siddik; Aydemir, Gokhan
Background: This study aims to determine the relationship between milk composition traits and breed in the Akkaraman and Awasi sheep as well as to provide ease of interpretation by showing the relationships structure between variables and between categories of variables in two-dimensional space with Categorical principal component analysis. Methods: Categorical principal component analysis determines relationships between continuous and categorical variables as well as ordinal variables. It aims to reduce system dimensionality through optimal scaling while maintaining variable measurement levels (nominal, multiple nominal, ordinal and interval). In this research, data obtained from Akkaraman and Awasi Breed Sheep Raised by Public Hands in Tu & scedil;ba District of Van Province were used. In order to determine relationship with breed, the traits were divided into two categories, "low" and "high" and all variables (9 variables) were considered together and a Categorical principal components analysis was performed. Result: As a results, Dimension 1 accounted for 35.58% of the total variation while dimension 2 accounted for 15.21%. Two dimensions together accounted for 50.79% of the variation. Thus it can be noted that Categorical principal component analysis can be used in the analysis of data sets containing a large number of different types of variables with linear or non-linear relationships between them.
Evaluation of Water Sources and Animal Species in Terms of Scarcity, Rights and Welfare
(Ankara Univ, Fac Agriculture, 2024) Cak, Bahattin
Problems such as global warming, climate change, water, and food availability have been some of the most important issues on the world agenda in recent years. For sustainable welfare, the concepts of equality, justice, and rights are indispensable for the ecosystem. At present, the adoption of legal regulations on water scarcity, the right to water, animal welfare, and animal rights as well as the awareness of conscientious responsibility for the individual and wider society has been an important development for the future. With this in mind, this article is aimed at contributing to the objective questioning of the concepts of rights and welfare with their emotional, legal, and scientific aspects by removing our presuppositions about life, and abandoning the distinction between living and non -living things. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, water scarcity and the right to water, and in the second part, evaluations are made in terms of animal welfare and rights. The general acceptance of water consumption as a need rather than a right has turned it into a commodity that can be bought and sold with the use of money. Although there is enough water in the world, the perception of scarcity consciousness arising from the possible inadequacy of the amount of consumable water needs to be re-questioned at the intellectual level by considering it from the perspective of a biological transformation.
Growth Performances of Female and Male Holstein Calves Fed With Milk and Milk Replacers
(Univ Agricultural Sciences & veterinary Medicine Bucharest, 2016) Bayril, Tahir; Yilmaz, Orhan; Cak, Bahattin
The objective of this study was to compare growth performances of male and female Holstein calves fed milk and milk replacers. A total of 60 Holstein calves were used in the study. Calves were divided into three equal groups. In each group, there were 10 female and 10 male calves. Calves were offered colostrum for 3 days after birth and were weighed at fourth day for the trial. Initial body weights of calves in dietary treatments were statistically similar. The first, second and third groups were fed milk, milk replacer-I (CP 21% and CF 16.5%) and milk replacer-II (CP 24% and CF 18%), respectively. In addition to milk and milk replacers, calves were supplemented with ad libitum concentrate feed and alfalfa. Dietary treatment was significantly effective (P< 0.05) on body weight of calves at 60 days of age. In conclusion, growth performances of calves increased with increasing protein content of milk replacer, also growth performances of calves fed milk and milk replacer containing high-protein had better than those of calves fed milk replacer containing low-protein. Therefore, during the suckling period, in feeding of Holstein calves, milk or milk replacer containing high-protein should be preferred primarily.
Performance of Kivircik Sheep Under Three Lambing Systems in Two Years
(Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2021) Arslan, Mikail; Yilmaz, Orhan; Cak, Bahattin; Demirel, Ahmet Fatih
This study was carried out to investigate reproductive traits of Kivircik ewes under three lambing systems in two years and their lambs' survival and growth performances. A total of 200 Kivircik ewes and 15 Kivircik rams were used. Ewes were subjected to a system of lambing every 8 months. Ewes were mated in August (summer), April (spring) and December (winter), respectively. Ewes were synchronized using FIS (intravaginal flourogestone sponges) for 14 days. Additionally, 600 IU eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin) was administered intramuscularly at sponges withdrawal. Rams remained with the ewes for 3-day from the start of estrus. Estrus rate, lambing rate and litter size were 96.00, 87.50% and 1.70 lamb/doe; 92.35, 85.20 and 1.50 lamb/doe; 78.92, 58.38 and 1.43 lamb/doe for summer, spring and winter seasons, respectively. Survival rates at weaning, birth and weaning weights of lambs were 86.44%, 3.11kg and 17.85kg; 72.80%, 3.24kg and 16.38kg; 66.88%, 3.38kg and 18.97kg for summer, spring and winter, respectively. The effect of mating season on estrus rate was not significant (P>0.05). The effect of mating season on lambing rate and litter size was significant (P<0.01). The effects of mating season and birth type on survival rate at weaning were significant (P<0.05). Effect of mating season on body weights at birth and weaning was significant (P<0.01). The findings of the current study that the reproductivity of Kivircik ewes (in three lambing in two years) synchronized with combination of eCG and FIS tended to improve. Lambing rate and litter size were the highest in the first mating season and the lowest in the third mating season. Lambing rate in the second mating season was similar to that in the first mating season. Survival of lambs at weaning was the highest in the first lambing season and the lowest in the third lambing season. Weaning weight was the highest in the third lambing season and the lowest in the second lambing season. These results also indicate that three lambing system in two years could be utilized in Kivircik sheep.
Physical-Chemical Composition of Milk and Fiber Quality in Hair Goats and the Phenotypic Correlations Between Milk Composition and Fiber Traits
(Univ Agriculture, Fac veterinary Science, 2017) Cak, Bahattin; Yilmaz, Orhan; Ocak, Elvan
The objective of this study was to investigate physical-chemical composition of milk and fiber quality in Hair goats and to evaluate the phenotypic correlations between milk composition and fiber traits. The mean values of milk fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solid, total solids, lactic acid and pH in Hair goats' milk were 4.09, 3.53, 5.15, 9.36, 13.45, 0.22% and 6.61, respectively. The mean values of fiber length, fiber diameter, breaking strength, fiber elasticity and clean hair yield were 9.13cm, 80.93 mu m, 13.67g, 35.89% and 91.61%, respectively. The effect of lactation stage on physical-chemical parameters of milk was significant (P<0.05). Fat content of milk was highly and positively (P<0.01) correlated (0.71) with total solids. Protein was highly and positively (P<0.01) correlated with lactose (0.99), non-fat solid (0.98) and total solids (0.68) contents. There were not significant correlations between all fiber parameters. The phenotypic correlation between fiber diameter and protein content of milk was -0.54 and between fiber diameter and total solids was -0.36 and between fiber diameter and lactose was -0.51. In conclusion, fat content of milk was the lowest in the early lactation stage. Protein, lactose, non-fat solid and total solids contents were the highest in the mid lactation stage. pH was the highest in the late lactation stage. The diameter of the fibers of hair obtained from Hair goats was high. Also, results indicate that there was highly and positively correlation between fat and total solids, protein and lactose, protein and non-fat solid, protein and total solids contents. However, there was significant negatively correlation between fiber diameter and protein content of milk, fiber diameter and lactose, fiber diameter and total solids. (C) 2016 PVJ. All rights reserved
A Retrospective Examination of Reproduction and Survival Rates of Van Cats
(Agricultural Research Communication Centre, 2017) Cak, Bahattin; Uslu, Baris Atalay; Demirel, Ahmet Fatih; Gulyuz, Fetih; Yilmaz, Orhan; Kosal, Volkan
Van cats are animals that often become the centre of attention due to their white hair, colourful eyes, and affectionate attitudes. However, it is nearly impossible to find research studies on the reproductive behaviours of Van cats. We conducted this study with the purpose of revealing the breeding efficiency properties and survival rates of Van cats. The study materials consisted of Van cats in the Van Cat Home of Yuzuncu Yil University's Van Cats Research Center. We determined the breeding efficiency properties using records obtained from 56 female cats over the course of four years. As a result of the study, we determined that the durations of oestrus, pregnancy, and lactation in Van cats were, respectively, 2.41 +/- 0.09, 63.75 +/- 0.27, and 98.45 +/- 1.18 days. We also determined the average number of kittens per delivery and the mating per pregnancy as, respectively, 3.30 +/- 0.19 and 13.71 +/- 0.74. In this study, we recorded the presence of 56 delivering cats, with a total of 185 kittens, 22 of which were dead (11.89%), and an 88.11% survival rate (%). The most common delivery type was twin deliveries (30%), and the highest rate of stillbirths was 4.86% in quadruplet deliveries.