Browsing by Author "Chi, Hsin"

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Advances in Theory, Data Analysis, and Application of the Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table for Demographic Research, Biological Control, and Pest Management
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2023) Chi, Hsin; Kavousi, Aurang; Gharekhani, Gholamhossein; Atlihan, Remzi; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Guncan, Ali; Desneux, Nicolas
This paper reviews and introduces innovative research pertaining to the age-stage, two-sex life table. The main topics discussed are: (1) Analysis of data involving group-reared life table studies. We address the rationale behind the data analysis used when constructing a group-reared life table. Proper analysis of grouped-reared life table data enables the collection of realistic and applicable data for ecological studies, devising efficient mass-rearing programs and formulating pest management routines using time-and labor-saving group-rearing methods. (2) The bootstrap-match technique. This novel technique is applicable to those instances when constructing a complete life table involves collecting the immature independently from the adult data. (3) Application of the set theory in life table research. This procedure enables a mathematical description of the population structure and bootstrap samples. (4) Application of the multinomial theorem. Using the multinomial theorem enables calculation of the exact probability of bootstrap samples. (5) Inclusion of infertile bootstrap samples. Because it is impossible to calculate the intrinsic rates of increase for infertile samples, they are normally omitted in life table analysis. Inclusion of these infertile bootstrap samples produces an unbiased life table analysis. (6) The Cartesian product. The Cartesian product of two sets produces the complete coverage of all possible differences. We compared the paired bootstrap test, the Cartesian paired test based on bootstrap results, and the Cartesian paired test based on the multinomial theorem. (7) Integration of life table data with predation data. This procedure, which is especially relevant to biological control programs, enables a comprehensive study of the predator-prey relationship. (8) Computer simulation based on life tables. Population projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table not only provides the means to predict the dynamics of stage structures of a given pest population, but also provides an insight into the dynamics of predation capacity of the predator population. (9) Problems in life table research. Each of the subjects discussed is crucial for the theoretical advancement and practical applications of scientific demographic research.
Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table: an Introduction To Theory, Data Analysis, and Application
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2020) Chi, Hsin; You, Minsheng; Atlihan, Remzi; Smith, Cecil L.; Kavousi, Aurang; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Liu, Tong-Xian
The life table is a type of research tool that is frequently used in many studies involving population and community ecology. They are the basis for many comprehensive studies in pest management, pesticide resistance, predator-prey relationships, biological control, mass-rearing and harvesting of insects, plant resistance, etc. Because the morphology, physiology, survival, fecundity, and predation/consumption rate of most arthropods will vary significantly depending on their developmental stage and sex, precise description of stage differentiation and inclusion of both sexes are critical for attaining realistic and accurate life table analyses and correctly evaluating the overall fitness of populations. Since traditional female age-specific life tables ignore the male individuals in a population and are incapable of describing the unique and important feature of stage differentiation (i.e., metamorphosis) that is a defining characteristic of insects and mites, their application to data analysis involving these groups will inevitably result in miscalculations and limit the practical application of these life tables. On the other hand, the age-stage, two-sex life table (hereafter referred to as the two-sex life table whenever appropriate), can precisely delineate stage differentiation and includes both sexes in data analysis, description, and interpretation, and in practical applications. In this review, the problems of female age-specific life tables are examined, followed by a discussion of the advantages of using the two-sex life table. Finally, applications of the two-sex life table in various types of entomological research are discussed and accompanied by examples.
Comparative Demography and Mass Rearing of Aedes Aegypti Fed on Different Food Sources Using a Novel Perforated Feeder
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2022) Hsu, Pei -Chen; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, Hsin; Dai, Shu-Mei
A novel thermal-constant blood-feeder covered with a perforated film and using pig blood was developed for rearing Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). The perforated film was used as a substitute for the membrane or parafilm that is normally used in conventional blood-feeders to prevent the mosquitoes from directly contacting the blood. The efficiency of this perforated blood feeder was assessed by using live mice and comparing the engorgement rate of female mosquitoes and their demographic parameters. In a no-choice test, no significant differences were observed in the engorgement rates and fecundity between females fed on perforated feeders containing pig blood and those fed on live mice. In a three-minute-long free-choice test, the accumulated engorgement rate was significantly higher in mosquitoes feeding on the perforated feeders than in those feeding on live mice. The demographic characteristics indicated that mosquitoes fed on the perforated feeder containing pig blood had a higher immature survival rate and prolonged adult male and female longevity. Although a lower intrinsic rate of increase and lower finite rate of increase were observed when female adults fed on the perforated feeder, computer projection of the population growth was comparable using both blood sources. Massn acing analysis showed that the perforated blood feeder was much more cost-effective than using live mice. These results demonstrate that the perforated blood feeder containing pig blood is more effective and cost efficient than using live mice for maintaining and mass rearing of mosquitoes in the laboratory.
Demographic Analysis of Progeny Fitness and Timing of Resurgence of Laodelphax Striatellus After Insecticides Exposure
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2019) Zhang, Yao; Guo, Lei; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, Hsin; Chu, Dong
The resurgence of Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) associated with repeated applications of certain insecticides has been observed over the past several years. To comprehensively assess the effect an insecticide has on the offspring fitness and resurgence of a pest, accurately determining the survival, development, and fecundity of the population being investigated is a necessity. Because life tables include these, and other parameters of a population, they are a crucial tool for accomplishing this goal. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of three insecticides, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, and dinotefuran on progeny fitness and resurgence risk of L. striatellus by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Experimental results show that the net reproductive rate (R-0) and fecundity (F) of the F1 progeny of L. striatellus treated with cyantraniliprole (R-0 = 131.68 and F=381.03) and imidacloprid (R-0 = 115.74 and F = 417.20) were significantly higher than that of the L. striatellus treated with dinotefuran (R-0 = 64.11 and F= 249.0) and untreated population (R-0 = 77.97 and F = 246.54). No significant difference was found in the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (lambda) among treatments, except for the difference between cyantraniliprole and dinotefuran. Population projection showed that the offspring population of L. striatellus would increase faster after being treated with cyantraniliprole than the control population. These findings demonstrate that applications of cyantraniliprole to control L. striatellus may increase the fitness of their progeny, leading to a likely resurgence of this pest.
Demographic Analysis of Sex Ratio on Population Growth of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) With Discussion of Control Efficacy Using Male Annihilation
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2016) Huang, Kevin Yu-Bing; Atlihan, Remzi; Gokce, Ayhan; Huang, Joyce Yu-Bing; Chi, Hsin
The life table data for the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), at different adult sex ratios (1 female: 1 female, 1 female: 50 male, 50 female: 1 female free-choice mating, and 50 female: 1 male no-choice mating) were collected to determine the effects of sex-ratio manipulation on current pest control procedures. At 1 female: 1 male, females mated, on average, 2.3 times during their lifetime with a mean fecundity (F) of 1,122 eggs. The net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (lambda), and mean generation time (T) were 561.0 offspring, 0.1693 d(-1), 1.1844 d(-1), and 37.4 d, respectively. At 50 female: 1 male free-choice mating, males mated 46.7 times during their lifetime, while at 50 female: 1 male no-choice mating, males mated on average 50 times during their lifetime, and all females mating only once in both treatments. The values for F, r, and lambda were significantly lower for both 50 female: 1 male treatments than those in the 1 female: 1 male group; the R-0 values, however, were either equal to or even higher than those in the 1?: 1? treatment. In the male-biased sex ratio (1 female: 50 male), fecundity was the highest (1,610 eggs) and female average life span the longest (166 d), while the R-0 was the lowest (31.6 offspring) among all treatments. Population projections showed that even at a sex ratio of 50 female: 1 male, B. dorsalis could still produce a large number of offspring. These findings demonstrate that management strategies for controlling B. dorsalis could be properly evaluated by using demographic methods. Because female annihilation appears to be a more effective control strategy, it should be considered as a viable alternative.
Demographic Assessment of Plant Cultivar Resistance To Insect Pests: a Case Study of the Dusky-Veined Walnut Aphid (Hemiptera: Callaphididae) on Five Walnut Cultivars
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2015) Akkopru, Evin Polat; Atlihan, Remzi; Okut, Hayrettin; Chi, Hsin
To provide a comprehensive evaluation of walnut cultivar resistance to the dusky-veined walnut aphid, Panaphis juglandis (Goeze), we collected the life table data of this aphid reared on five cultivars of walnut ('Akca I,' 'Chandler,' 'Fernette,' 'Fernor,' and 'Pedro') under field conditions. The raw data of the developmental time, survival rate, and fecundity was analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table to account for the variable developmental rate and stage differentiation among individuals. Due to the species' longer immature developmental time, shorter adult longevity, shorter reproduction period, and lower fecundity, the net reproduction rate (R-0 = 5.9 offspring), intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.0983 d (1)), and finite rate (lambda = 1.1034 d (1)) were the lowest when aphids were reared on the Fernor cultivar, while those reared on Akca I exhibited the highest population parameters (R-0 = 18.0 offspring, r = 0.2031 d(-1), and lambda = 1.2252 d(-1)). Based on the population characteristics, Fernor is a less favorable cultivar for the development and reproduction of P. juglandis. We also demonstrated the advantages of using bootstrapping for the analysis of standard errors of developmental time, longevity, fecundity, and other parameters as well. Our results indicated that demographic analysis of pest development, survival, and reproduction based on the agestage, two-sex life table offers a comprehensive assessment of pest growth potential on different crop cultivars.
Demographic Characteristics of Paracoccus Marginatus on Papaya Fruit and Potato Tubers With an Innovative Method for Efficient Application of the Multinomial Theorem in Demographic Research
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2024) Lin, Ling-Hong; Shi, Meng-Zhu; Chi, Hsin; Guncan, Ali; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Atlihan, Remzi; Fu, Jian-Wei
The life table data of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink reared on potato tubers and papaya fruit were collected and analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The preadult survival rate (sa = 0.61) and female adult longevity (28.6 d) on papaya fruit were significantly higher than in individuals reared on potato tubers (sa = 0.38 and 18.8 d). The female adult longevity was significantly longer than it was in male adults on both hosts. The net reproductive rate (R0 = 206.72 offspring/individual), intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.1745 d-1) and finite rate of increase (lambda = 1.1912 d-1) of P. marginatus were significantly higher on papaya fruit than they were on potato tubers (R0 = 37.29 offspring/ individual, r = 0.1138 d-1, lambda = 1.1221 d-1). Population projection indicated that the total population size of P. marginatus on papaya fruit could reach 146,826 individuals after 60 days, while the total population size of P. marginatus on potato tubers would only be 3,619 individuals. This study showed that P. marginatus had a higher fitness on papaya fruit than on potato tubers. We also discuss an innovative method for applying the multinomial theorem in demographic analysis based on the multinomial coefficients and individual compositions. To facilitate the application of the multinomial theorem in life table research including both fertile and infertile bootstrap samples, we calculated the exact multinomial coefficients for all possible individual compositions. A file for a sample size of 15 individuals (file size 4.07 GB) is made available for public access at DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.11257789.
Demography and Consumption of Spodoptera Litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reared on Cabbage and Taro
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2016) Tuan, Shu-Jen; Yeh, Chih-Chun; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, Hsin; Tang, Li-Cheng
Spodoptera litura (F.) causes considerable economic damage to multiple agro-crops annually in many countries. In this study, the demography ofS. litura reared on cabbage and taro was investigated using the age-stage, two-sex life table at 25 +/- 1A degrees C, 60 A +/- 10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12: 12 (L:D) h. Our results showed that the net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate, and finite rate of population increase on cabbage (1893.1 offspring, 0.2374 d(-1), and 1.2679 d(-1)) were all not significantly different from those on taro (1361.0 offspring, 0.2298 d(-1), and 1.2584 d(-1)). The net consumption rate on cabbage (439.1 cm(2)) was, however, three times higher than that on taro (141.7 cm(2)). According to the population parameters, both cabbage and taro are suitable host plants forS. litura. When both the population growth rate and the consumption rate were taken into consideration, the finite consumption rate on cabbage (omega = 3.8054) was significantly higher than that on taro (omega = 1.3184). In Taiwan, taro and cabbage are commonly planted in adjacent farm plots, with taro being grown from March to November and cabbage from October to April. Because of the overlapping growth periods of the two crops,S. litura can easily propagate throughout the year by switching between the adjacent crops during the overlap periods. Pest management strategies for controllingS. litura must be thoroughly reevaluated based on ecological characteristics, including its life table and consumption rate on its major host plants.
Demography and Mass-Rearing Harmonia Dimidiata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Using Aphis Gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Eggs of Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2018) Yu, Jih-Zu; Chen, Bing Huei; Guncan, Ali; Atlihan, Remzi; Gokce, Ayhan; Smith, Cecil L.; Chi, Hsin
We compared rearing Harmonia dimidiata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on four combinations of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and eggs of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The four combinations were: both larvae and adults were reared on aphids; larvae were reared on aphids and adults were reared on fresh fruit fly eggs; larvae were reared on lyophilized fruit fly eggs and adults were reared on aphids; and larvae were reared on lyophilized eggs and adults were reared on fresh eggs. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.1125 d(-1)) and net reproductive rate (R-0 = 260.7 offspring) were observed when both larval and adult stages of H. dimidiata were reared on A. gossypii. When B. dorsalis eggs were used as rearing media for larvae, adults, or both, the values of r and R-0 were significantly decreased. The lowest values (r = 0.0615 d-1 and R-0 = 38.6 offspring) were observed when both larvae and adults were reared entirely on B. dorsalis eggs. Despite the lower r and R-0 values, our results showed that B. dorsalis eggs could be considered as an adequate, less expensive alternative diet for rearing H. dimidiata because of the time and labor savings resulting from the ease of preparation and the ability to store the eggs for timely usage. The mass-rearing analysis showed that the most economical rearing system was to rear larvae on A. gossypii and adults on B. dorsalis eggs.
Demography and Population Projection of Myzus Persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Five Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Cultivars
(Springer, 2018) Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Chi, Hsin; Atlihan, Remzi; Kara, Hilmi
The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of pepper. In this study, we collected data on the development, survival, fecundity, and proportion of apterous and alate forms of green peach aphid reared on five commercial pepper cultivars (Amiral, Erciyes, Mert, Mertcan, and Naz) at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 60 +/- 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. We analyzed the life history raw data by using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The shortest development time (6.66 days) and highest fecundity (62.68 individuals) occurred on the Erciyes cultivar. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.332 d(-1)), finite rate of increase (lambda = 1.394 d(-1)), net reproductive rate (R-0 = 62.7 offspring) and shortest mean generation time (T = 12.45 d) also occurred on the Erciyes cultivar; while the lower fitness occurred on the Amiral, Mertcan and Naz cultivars. Our results compared differences in the population growth rate of M. persicae on different pepper cultivars. This information will be useful to individuals working in pest management programs particularly those involving M. persicae.
Demography and Population Projection of Myzus Persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Five Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Cultivars (Vol 46, Pg 153, 2018)
(Springer, 2018) Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Chi, Hsin; Atlihan, Remzi; Kara, Hilmi
Fast Population Growth in Physogastry Reproduction of Luciaphorus Perniciosus (Acari: Pygmephoridae) at Different Temperatures
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2017) Bussaman, Prapassorn; Sa-uth, Chirayu; Chandrapatya, Angsumarn; Atlihan, Remzi; Gokce, Ayhan; Saska, Pavel; Chi, Hsin
Luciaphorus perniciosus Rack is one of the most serious pests of several cultivated mushroom species including Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.), Flammulina velutipes Karst., Auricularia polytricha (Mont.) Saac., Lentinus polychrous Lev., and Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) Singer in Thailand. Adult female Lu. perniciosus produce offspring inside their physogastric hysterosomas, with all embryos developing through to the adult stage while remaining in the abdomen. Once the abdomen ruptures, the female parent dies and the offspring consisting of mostly fertilized female adults along with a few male adults continue to emerge from the cadaver of the mother for a period of several days. This peculiar type of reproduction after the death of the mother is a special case for life table analysis and has not been discussed previously in demographic analyses. In this study, the life table data of this mite fed on Le. squarrosulus were collected at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C and analyzed by using the agestage, two-sex life table. The standard errors of population parameters were estimated by using the bootstrap technique (200,000 bootstraps). At 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, females started reproduction at ages 9, 5, and 3 d, respectively; the net reproductive rates (R-0) were 192.27, 253.81, and 234.11 offspring. Due to their rapid development and high fecundity, the r values were as high as 0.4189, 0.8653, and 1.0892 d (1) at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, respectively. Computer projection indicated that the mushroom mites Lu. perniciosus is capable of a threefold daily increase at 35 degrees C.
Genetically Engineered Ricin Suppresses Bactrocera Dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Based on Demographic Analysis of Group-Reared Life Table
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2016) Chang, Cheng; Huang, Chun-Yen; Dai, Shu-Mei; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, Hsin
The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), reduces the quantity and quality of many host fruits through the process of oviposition and larval feeding, and this insect has been considered a major insect pest in several Asian countries for decades. Using an earlier-developed, female-specific system that combines the toxicity of the ricin A chain (RTA) and the alternative RNA splicing property of doublesex (Bddsx), we show that transgenic male flies harboring the RTA-Bddsx transgene unevenly repress the pest population through inheritable effects. In age-stage, two-sex life-table analyses, high larval mortality and a delay in pupation were observed after introducing the transgene. The high male to female ratio in DsRed(+) flies demonstrates the lethal effect of ricin on females. The fitness of both the DsRed(+)- and DsRed(-)-transformed females was reduced as shown in the decrease of the net reproductive rate (R-0), intrinsic rate (r), and finite rate (lambda) values compared with the wild-type populations. The integrity of the RTA-Bddsx transgene remained in more than 80% of DsRed(+) males after ten generations, supporting the stable inheritance of the transgene. All of the data from this study support the proposed RTA-Bddsx SIT approach, which provides a species-specific and environmentally friendly method of suppressing, rather than eradiating, B. dorsalis.
Global Water Quality Changes Posing Threat of Increasing Infectious Diseases, a Case Study on Malaria Vector Anopheles Stephensi Coping With the Water Pollutants Using Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table Method
(Bmc, 2022) Fazeli-Dinan, Mahmoud; Azarnoosh, Mostafa; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Chi, Hsin; Hosseini-Vasoukolaei, Nasibeh; Haghi, Farzad Motevalli; Hemingway, Janet
Background Water pollution due to uncontrolled release of chemical pollutants is an important global problem. Its effect on medically important insects, especially mosquitoes, is a critical issue in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods In order to understand the effect of water pollutants on the demography of Anopheles stephensi, colonies were reared in clean, moderately and highly polluted water for three consecutive generations at 27 degrees C, 75% RH, and a photoperiod of 12:12 h (L:D). The demographic data of the 4th generation of An. stephensi were collected and analysed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Results The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (lambda), mean fecundity (F) and net reproductive rate (R-0) of An. stephensi in clean water were 0.2568 d(-1), 1.2927 d(-1), 251.72 eggs, and 109.08 offspring, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those obtained in moderately polluted water (r = 0.2302 d(-1), lambda = 1.2589 d(-1), 196.04 eggs, and R-0 = 65.35 offspring) and highly polluted water (r = 0.2282 d(-1), lambda = 1.2564 d(-1), 182.45 eggs, and R-0 = 62.03 offspring). Female adult longevity in moderately polluted (9.38 days) and highly polluted water (9.88 days) were significantly shorter than those reared in clean water (12.43 days), while no significant difference in the male adult longevity was observed among treatments. Conclusions The results of this study showed that An. stephensi can partially adapt to water pollution and this may be sufficient to extend the range of mosquito-borne diseases.
Innovative Application of Set Theory, Cartesian Product, and Multinomial Theorem in Demographic Research
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2022) Chi, Hsin; Kara, Hilmi; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Atlihan, Remzi; Guncan, Ali; Risvanli, Mehmet Ramazan
The bootstrap technique has been widely used to estimate the variances, standard errors, and confidence intervals (CI) of life table parameters, while the paired bootstrap test has been used to compare life table parameters between treatments by assessing the CI of differences. Although a great number of resamplings (B = 1,000 similar to 100,000) has been suggested for the application of the bootstrap technique, each computer simulation will generate different results because the bootstrap sampling with replacement is based on a stochastic process. In order to determine the theoretical and true confidence intervals of population parameters, and thereby, achieve an accurate assessment of differences between treatments, we introduce an innovative application of set theory, Cartesian product, and multinomial theorem for a mathematical formulation of demographic analysis. Moreover, when a bootstrap sample is composed of individuals that cannot produce offspring (i.e., an infertile bootstrap sample), the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (lambda) cannot be calculated. Omitting these infertile bootstrap samples will result in biased estimates. This problem of infertile bootstrap samples in demographic research has not been resolved. The integrated application of the set theory, Cartesian products, and multinomial theorem enables the detection of all possible combinations of bootstrap samples, the true CIs of population parameters, and the CIs of differences between treatments; furthermore, the probabilities of both fertile and infertile bootstrap samples can also be calculated. The life table data of the well-known cosmopolitan pest, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididac), were collected and used as examples.
The Insecticide Resistance Allele Kdr-His Has a Fitness Cost in the Absence of Insecticide Exposure
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2018) Chi, Hsin; You, Minsheng; Atlihan, Remzi; Kavousi, Aurang; Ozgokce, Mehmet Salih; Tuan, Shu-Jen; Gokce, Ayhan
Integrating Demography, Predation Rate, and Computer Simulation for Evaluation of Orius Strigicollis as Biological Control Agent Against Frankliniella Intonsa
(E Schweizerbartsche verlagsbuchhandlung, 2021) Ding, Han-Yan; Lin, Ya-Ying; Tuan, Shu-Jen; Tang, Li-Cheng; Chi, Hsin; Atlihan, Remzi; Guncan, Ali
Erankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is an important pest of numerous horticultural and agricultural crops in Taiwan. Orius strigicollis (Poppius) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is a predator with high predation capacity against many pests of legumes and flowers. We used the age-stage, two-sex life table method to integrate the life table data with the predation rate of O. strigicollis fed on F. intonsa. The preadult duration, adult longevity, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and finite rate of increase for O. strigicollis were 13.6 d, 12.5 d, 18.8 offspring/individual, 0.1437 d(-1), and 1.1546 d(-1), respectively. The total predation of O. strigicollis during their preadult and adult stages was 60.4 and 107.3 thrips, respectively. The net predation rate was 101 prey/individual. To demonstrate the effect of releasing predators of different stages on the population growth and predation capacity, we used population projection to evaluate the predation potential of O. strigicollis, and the uncertainty of predation potential was determined by using the life tables from the 0.025th, and 0.975th, bootstrap percentiles of the finite rate of increase. Releasing third instars or adults of O. strigicollis can effectively control the pest sooner than releasing O. strigicollis eggs. In biological control, both predator and prey populations are age-stage-structured and (in most instances) individuals of both sexes are present. It is imperative that the age-stage, two-sex life table be used to precisely incorporate the variability that occurs in the developmental rate, stage differentiation, survival rates, and predation rates among individuals and between sexes. Our results demonstrate that integrating life table and predation rate data generated by using the age-stage, two-sex life table is an important technique for improving biological control programs by refining the timing and estimating the release of natural enemies. Moreover, by using the multinomial theorem, we demonstrated that a large resampling (B =100,000) is necessary to obtain more precise estimates of population parameters in applications of the bootstrap technique.
Linking Life Table and Predation Rate for Biological Control: a Comparative Study of Eocanthecona Furcellata (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Fed on Spodoptera Litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Plutella Xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2016) Tuan, Shu-Jen; Yeh, Chih-Chun; Atlihan, Remzi; Chi, Hsin
To better understand the predator-prey relationship and to compare predation rates, we studied the life table and predation rate of the predator Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) when reared on two major crucifer pests, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate, and net predation rates of E. furcellata reared on P. xylostella were 292.4 offspring, 0.1389 d(-1), 1.1490 d-1, and 644.1 third instars of P. xylostella, respectively. These values are significantly higher than those reared on S. litura, i.e., 272.3 offspring, 0.1220 d(-1), 1.1298 d(-1), and 863.1 third instars of S. litura. To evaluate the predation potential of E. furcellata fed on P. xylostella and S. litura, we combined both the growth rate and predation rate to calculate the finite predation rate (omega); our results showed that E. furcellata is an effective predator of both S. litura (omega = 1.6029) and P. xylostella (omega = 1.4277).
Population Growth of Dysaphis Pyri (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Different Pear Cultivars With Discussion on Curve Fitting in Life Table Studies
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2017) Atlihan, Remzi; Kasap, Ismail; Ozgokce, M. Salih; Polat-Akkopru, Evin; Chi, Hsin
Population growth parameters of the Dysaphis pyri Boyer de Fonscolombe) Hemiptera: Aphididae) were evaluated on four different cultivars Coscia, Ankara, Williams, and Santa-Maria) of pear Pyrus communis L.) under field conditions in the Van region of Turkey. Aphids were kept on leaves of 10-yr-old pear trees in Plexiglas clipcells 20mm in diameter and 10mm in height, with the upper side covered with muslin). For the description of the stage differentiation during population growth, we analyzed raw data of developmental time, survival, and fecundity using the age-stage, two-sex life table to take the variable developmental rate among individuals into account. Results indicated that the Coscia and Ankara cultivars are less favorable hosts for D. pyri because of the longer preadult developmental time, higher preadult mortality rate, and lower total fecundity on these cultivars. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the net reproduction rate (R-0), and the finite rate of increase (lambda) values were lower on the Coscia and Ankara cultivars. We discussed the application of the Weibull function, polynomial model, and Enkegaard model in life table studies. Because these models are often inaccurate in describing survival and reproduction parameters, we suggest that their application in life table research should be reevaluated.
Survival and Reproductive Strategies in Two-Spotted Spider Mites: Demographic Analysis of Arrhenotokous Parthenogenesis of Tetranychus Urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
(Oxford Univ Press inc, 2016) Tuan, Shu-Jen; Lin, Yung-Hsiang; Yang, Chung-Ming; Atlihan, Remzi; Saska, Pavel; Chi, Hsin
Tetranychus urticae Koch is a cosmopolitan pest whose rapid developmental rate enables it to produce colonies of thousands of individuals within a short time period. When a solitary virgin female colonizes a new host plant, it is capable of producing male offspring through the arrhenotokous parthenogenesis; once her sons mature, oedipal mating occurs and the female will produce bisexual offspring. To analyze the effect of arrhenotokous reproduction on population growth, we devised and compared separate life tables for arrhenotokous and bisexual populations ofT. urticae using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. For the cohort with bisexual reproduction, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate (lambda), net reproductive rate (R-0), and mean generation time (T) were 0.2736 d(-1), 1.3146 d(-1), 44.66 offspring, and 13.89 d, respectively. Because only male eggs were produced during the first 8 d of the oviposition period and the cohort would soon begin bisexual reproduction, it would be theoretically wrong to calculate the population parameters using the survival rate and fecundity of an arrhenotokous cohort. We demonstrated that the effect of arrhenotokous reproduction could be accurately described and evaluated using the age-stage, two-sex life table. We also used population projection based on life table data, quantitatively showing the effect that arrhenotokous reproduction has on the growth potential and management ofT. urticae.