Browsing by Author "Deniz, S"

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The Determination of Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy Levels of Some Forages Commonly Used in Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
This study was carried out to determine the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibilities, and metabolizable energy levels of some forages commonly used in ruminant nutrition by 2 different in vitro methods: the enzyme technique and the 2- stage method (rumen fluid + HCl-pepcine). Seven different samples of alfalfa hays, sainfoin hay and grass hay, and 4 different samples of wheat straws, lentil straw, corn silage and sorghum silage were used in the experiment. DM digestibilities were 51.53% for alfalfa hay, 47.79% for sainfoin hay, 41.02% for grass hay, 30.15% for wheat straw, 47.81% for lentil straw, 63.74% for corn silage and 53.25% for sorghum silage by the enzyme technique (P < 0.05). OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels were 57.93% and 9.11 MJ/kg DM for alfalfa hays, 52.68% and 8.28 MJ/kg DM for sainfoin hay, 46.37% and 7.31 MJ/kg DM for grass hay, 33.73% and 5.25 MJ/kg DM for wheat straw, 53.49% and 8.19 MJ/kg DM for lentil straw, 67.92% and 10.74 MJ/kg DM for corn silage, and 56.75% and 8.88 MJ/kg DM for sorghum silage by enzyme technique (P < 0.05). DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels were 56.32%, 61.36% and 9.28 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for alfalfa hays, 50.21%, 56.21% and 9.07 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for sainfoin hay, 45.31%, 51.41% and 7.75 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for grass hay, 41.34%, 47.08% and 7.55 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for wheat straw, 49.67%, 56.56% and 9.16 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for lentil straw, 63.19%, 70.02% and 10.57 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for corn silage and 53.75%, 57.16% and 9.01 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for sorghum silage by the 2- stage method (P < 0.05). When the 2 techniques were compared, the estimations of DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels by both techniques were similar (P > 0.05) in all forages, except for wheat straw. DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels of wheat straw were lower with the enzyme technique compared to the 2- stage method (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 2- stage method can be an alternative technique for determining forage digestibility and metabolic energy content to classical digestion trials.
The Determination of Energy Levels in Some Cereal Grains Used in Ruminant Diets by in Vivo and in Vitro Methods
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
The aim of this study was to determine the energy levels of some energy source grains commonly used in ruminant nutrition by in vivo and in vitro methods. To achieve this objective, corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat, and triticale (4 replicates) were utilized. The in vivo digestibility of grains was determined with a metabolism trial using 4 animals per sample in an incomplete block design. The in vitro digestibility of grains was determined using an enzyme technique. For this purpose, cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase and pepsin were used. The in vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat and triticale were 83.81, 79.86, 81.34, 83.05, 75.50 and 84.00%; and 83.90, 81.50, 82.33, 83.84, 76.95 and 84.81%, respectively. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation content of grains, in the same order, were 15.94, 15.49,15.64, 15.93, 14.62 and 16.12 MJ/kg DM; 13.52, 12.76, 12.98, 13.12, 12.39 and 13.23 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 7.84, 7.99, 8.13, 7.52 and 8.21 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of the grains, in the same order, were 81.21, 80.04, 81.04, 81.72, 62.05 and 84.17% 82.27, 81.07, 81.82, 82.66, 63.25 and 84.76%. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation calculated by the in vitro method were 15.27, 14.98, 15.22, 15.07, 11.88 and 15.61 MJ/kg DM; 12.90, 12.51, 12.68, 12.68, 9.90 and 13.04 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 8.11, 8.23, 8.30, 6.79 and 8.43 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). In this study: a) in vivo and in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were similar in all grains, except for oat; b) the enzyme technique can be used instead of the in vivo method for the calculation of metabolizable energy and net energy for the lactation content of barley, wheat and rye; c) the enzyme technique can replace the in vivo method for the calculation of the net energy for the lactation content for corn, and the metabolizable energy content for triticale; and d) the enzyme technique cannot be used instead of the in vivo method for oat.
Effect of Addition of Urea or Urea Plus Molasses To Different Corn Silages Harvested at Dough Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2003) Demirel, M; Yilmaz, L; Deniz, S; Kaplan, O; Akdeniz, H
To study the effects of 0.5% urea and 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses addition to different corn silages on its quality, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and digestible dry matter (DDM) yields, four corn cultivars, Arifiye, Frassino, Rx-947 and 3394 harvested at dough stage, were ensiled in cite litre silos for 90 days. Supplement, cultivars interactions were significant for most of the parameters studied, pH of all the silages was within desirable range. Among organic acids, lactic acid was highest in Rx-947, supplementation making no difference. IVDMD was highest in silages Rx-947 and 3394 supplemented either with urea or urea plus molasses. The highest DDM yields were in silages of supplemented or unsupplemented Arifiye and 3394 cultivars followed by Frassino. Thus these three cultivars with or without supplementation are recommended for silage making.
The Effect of Different Rations on Some Rumen Fluid and Blood Parameters in Sheep
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Aksu, T; Deniz, S
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different combinations of energy (barley and dried molassed sugar beet pulp (DMSBP)) and protein sources (soybean meal (SBM), cotton-seed meal (CSM), SBM-treated with formaldehyde (FTSBM), CSM-treated with formaldehyde (FTCSM), and urea) on some rumen fluid and blood parameters. In this study, four rumen fistulated Morkaraman rams were used. Rumen pH values were around the optimal pH values suggested for rumen fluid (5.2-7.3) at all sampling times. Ruminal NHO concentrations were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in animals fed DMSBP as an energy source compared with animals fed barley as an energy source and were between 10.4 and 32.75 mg/100 ml in all groups. Formaldehyde treatments of protein sources reduced ruminal NHYN concentrations in animals fed DSBP as an energy source (P < 0.05). Acetic and propionic acid concentrations were affected by the energy source, although butyric acid concentrations were significantly higher in animals fed groups containing barley than in animals fed groups containing DMSBP. Formaldehyde treatment did not affect propionic acid concentrations, although propionic acid concentrations were generally significantly higher (P < 0.05) in animals fed barley + SBM combinations compared to treatments containing both SBM and CSM combinations (P < 0.05). Serum total protein concentrations were affected by the energy source and these were higher in groups containing DMSBP than in groups containing barley (P < 0.05). However, serum urea-N concentrations were similar among the different diets.
The Effect of Urea and Molasses Addition Into Corn Harvested at the Milk Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Nutrient Yield
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Nursoy, H; Deniz, S; Demirel, M; Denek, N
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of urea or urea plus molasses addition into corn harvested at the milk stage on the silage quality and in vitro digestibility of silage. To achieve this objective, four different corn varieties (Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino and Arifiye) harvested at the milk stage were utilized. Silage samples were added 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses and ensiled in mini-silos (I L in volume). Silage samples were analyzed for chemical composition, pH and organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acids). In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible DM yields of silages (kg/da) were also determined. Urea addition increased silage crude protein (CP) in addition to silage pH. Urea or urea plus molasses addition generally decreased silage lactic acid content, but these decreases were only significant in the Rx-947 and Frassino varieties. While silage acetic acid contents were not affected by urea and molasses addition, butyric acid concentration increased in the Frassino variety with urea addition, and decreased in the Arifiye variety with urea and urea + molasses and the 33-94 variety with urea + molasses addition. Urea plus molasses addition increased silage DM digestibility in the Frassino variety, but this effect was not significant for other varieties. Digestible DM yield's were not affected by additives (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea Plus 4% molasses into corn harvested at the milk stage improved the chemical composition of silages, but had no positive effect on silage quality.
The Effects of Adding Urea or Urea Plus Molasses in Some Sorghum Varieties Harvested at Dough Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Demirel, M; Deniz, S; Yilmaz, I; Nursoy, H
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses into some sorghum varieties (Gozde, P-988, Grazer and Grass-II) harvested at the dough stage on silage quality, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible DM yields. Triplicate silage samples from each variety and treatment group, a total of 36 silage samples, were prepared in 1 l mino-silos and incubated for 90 days. Silage DM and crude protein (CP) levels ranged from 29.56 to 33.46%, and from 7.16 to 12.63%, respectively. Addition of urea or urea + molasses increased CP. and urea + molasses increased DM but decreased the NDF content of all silages (P < 0,05). Silage pHs were between 4.08 and 4.71, and the addition of urea and urea + molasses increased silage pH (P < 0,05). Lactic, acetic and butyric acid concentrations of silages, on DM bases, ranged from 3.50 to 8.01%; from 0.58 to 1.44% and from 0.01 to 0.14%, respectively. The addition of urea and urea + molasses increased the lactic acid and decreased the propionic acid concentration of silages (P < 0,05), although butyric acid concentrations were not affected. Urea supplementation did not affect acetic acid concentrations, and urea + molasses increased the acetic acid concentration of silages. In vitro DM digestibilities of Gozde, P-988, Grazer and Grass-II varieties were 52.85, 54.20, 54.96 and 54.39%, respectively. The addition of urea + molasses to Gozde increased in vitro DM digestibilities, but urea and urea + molasses addition decreased in vitro DM digestibilities in other varieties (P < 0,05). The P-988 variety had the highest digestible DM yield (804.38 kg/decare)(P < 0.05). In conclusion, the P-988 sorghum variety seemed to be the best suited Van ecological conditions based on silage fermentation quality and digestible DM yield.
The Effects of Maturity on Range Quality and Animal Performance
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Karsli, MA; Deniz, S; Nursoy, H; Denek, N; Akdeniz, H
The objective of this study-was to determine the effects of maturity on the range quality and weight gain of male and female lambs, and the time at which supplementation is needed. The experiment was conducted at TIGEM Altindere Agricultural experiment station. At the start of the grazing season, four 4-m(2) areas from 3 different (expected to be heavily grazed) locations of range were excluded from grazing with cages. Dry matter (DM) yield and DM loss due to grazing at different periods of the grazing season were determined from these areas. Forage samples were collected from grazed and ungrazed areas once every two weeks from the 2(nd) week of May to the 2(nd) week of August. Parallel to forage sampling, 20 male and female lambs (a total of 40 lambs) grazing on the pasture were weighed once every two weeks to determine daily weight gains. Dry matter yield, chemical composition (DM, OM, ash, CP, NDF, and ADF) and in vitro DM digestibility of range were determined. Dry matter, NDF and ADF concentrations of forages increased (P < 0.01) and crude protein content decreased (P < 0.01), but organic matter and ash concentrations did not change with increasing maturity. The effect of grazing on the parameters mentioned above was not significant, but increasing maturity significantly affected DM digestibility and DM yields (P < 0.01). At the start of the experiment, DM digestibilities for grazed and ungrazed areas were 69.70 and 69.25%; they declined to 42.45 and 43.45% at the 7(th) sampling, respectively. Dry matter yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 54.69 and 69.64 for the V sampling, 81.88 and 120.54 for the 2(nd) sampling, 50.55 and 111.74 for the 3(rd) sampling, 59.10 and 97.13 for the 4(th) sampling, 32.82 and 78.81 for the 5(th) sampling, 38.06 and 67.61 for the 6(th) sampling, and 26.96 and 52.65 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Digestible DM yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 37.82 and 48.12 for the 1(st) sampling, 51.50 and 78.41 for the 2(nd) sampling, 28.29 and 58.50 for the 3(rd) sampling, 30.15 and 48.18 for the 4(th) sampling, 16.12 and 37.65 for the 5(th) sampling, 17.76 and 31.56 for the 6(th) sampling, and 11.96 and 24.10 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Both DM and digestible DIM yields were also affected by grazing (P < 0.01). Weight gains, determined parallel to forage sampling, during the 2(nd), 3(rd), and 4(th) periods were high (228, 263, and 182 g/d for male, and 252, 194, and 184 g/d for female lambs, respectively), but were very low after the 4(th) period. It is concluded that the range can meet the nutrient requirements of lambs for optimal weight gain during May and June, but lambs require an extra supplementation for optimal weight gain after June under Northern Anatolian conditions.
The Effects of Urea and Molasses Addition Into Corn Harvested at Early-Milk Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea plus 4% (w/w) molasses into corn varieties (Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino, and Arifjye) harvested at the early-milk stage on silage quality, in vitro digestibility and digestible dry matter (DM) yield. The addition of urea into silage increased the CP content (P < 0,05). The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of the control silages were 69.40 and 38.68 for Rx-947, 69.34 and 38.69 for 33-94, 62.67 and 34.93 for Frassino, and 64.35 and 37.04 for Arifiye (P < 0,05). The addition of urea or urea plus molasses into silage increased the silage pH in all varieties, except for Rx-947 (P < 0,05). The lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contents of the silage samples were between 23.2 and 153.3, 7.8 and 23.4, 0.6 and 1.6, and 0.0 and 0.54 g/kg DM, respectively. The addition of urea or urea and molasses into Rx-947 and Frassino varieties and the addition of urea only into the 33-94 variety increased silage lactic acid levels. The addition of urea and molasses into Rx-947, Frassino and Arifiye varieties also increased silage acetic acid levels (P < 0,05). There was a significant difference only between the Frassino and Arifiye varieties on this parameter (P < 0,05). The addition of urea only into silage decreased DM digestibility; the addition of molasses with urea, however, eliminated this negative effect of urea on digestibilit in all varieties, except for Frassino (P < 0,05). Digestible DM yields of untreated silage were 863.68, 1142.43, 1044.43, and 1075.07 kg/decare (10 decares = 1 hectare) for Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino and Arifiye, respectively (P < 0,05). The digestible DM yield of untreated Rx-947 silage was significantly lower than those of the others (P < 0,05). It can be concluded that corn varieties harvested at the early-milk stage (20% DM) can be ensiled, and that urea and molasses can be used as silage additive to increase CP and energy content of silages.
Evaluation of the in Situ Degradation Kinetics of Some Protein Sources Commonly Used in Ruminant Feeding
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2004) Deniz, S; Karsli, MA; Nursoy, H; Kutlu, MS
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in situ degradation kinetics of some commonly used protein sources (sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal). Three ruminally fistulated rams were utilized in the study. They were fed ground alfalfa and a mixture of concentrate (60% alfalfa and 40% mixture) at maintenance level. The Dacron bags used in the study had a 45 p 2, pore size and internal dimensions of 15 x 7 cm. Feed samples were ground to pass through a 2 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of rams for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Each feed sample was incubated in the rumen of 3 rams in duplicate for each incubation time. Approximately 3.5 g of samples were placed in each Dacron bag. Concentrations of organic matter were 93.16%, 94.43% and 93.40% (P < 0.05); ether extract 1.70%, 7.12% and 2.79% (P < 0.05); crude fiber 21.64%, 19.81% and 6.77% (P < 0.05); crude protein 32.03%, 30.07% and 50.02% (P < 0.05); and ADIN-N 11.57%, 11.00% and 10.45% (P < 0.05) for sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM), respectively. Ruminal DM degradability of samples was highest with SBM for all incubation times followed by SFM and CSM in that order (P < 0.05). While crude protein degradabilities of SFM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM and SBM up to 12 h incubation, they were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM but similar to those of SBM at 24 and 48 h incubation times. Crude protein degradabilities were 55.72%, 41.08% and 66.06% after 8 h incubation for SFM, CSM and SBM, respectively (P < 0.05). Concentrations of water soluble protein were 45.93%, 37.65% and 35.79% (P < 0.05); potentially degradable protein 44.21%, 29.48% and 55.72% (P < 0.05); non-degradable protein 9.86%, 32.87% and 8.49% (P < 0.05); k, h(-1) were 0.173, 0.066 and 0.114 (P < 0.05); percentages of escape protein were 18.41%, 42.50% and 33.55% (P < 0.05): and escape protein 57.90, 130.30 and 167.80 g/kg (P < 0.05) for SFM, CSM and SBM. respectively.
The Possibilities of Using Sugar Beet Pulp Silage Produced by Different Methods in Lamb and Dairy Cow Rations - 1 - Obtaining High Quality Sugar Beet Pulp Silage
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2001) Deniz, S; Demirel, M; Tuncer, SD; Kaplan, O; Aksu, T
In this study, how to obtain high quality sugar beet pulp silage was investigated. Sugar beet pulp was mixed with wheat straw or grass hay in order to increase the level of dry matter to 20, 25 and 30%, and 5% molasses and different levels of urea were added (0, 1, 1.5 and 2% for wheat straw containing groups; 0, 0.5 and 1% for grass hay containing groups). The mixed materials were stored in containers of one kg for two months. At the end of the incubation period, the containers were opened and the silages were evaluated by measuring the fermentation characteristics. The crude protein content of the silages increased due to the added urea level. The pH and the amounts of lactic, acetic and butyric acids were found to be between 3.72 and 4.40, 31.17 and 71.51 g dry matter kg(-1), 12.61 and 35.35 g dry matter kg(-1). and 0.06 and 2.56 g dry matter kg(-1). respectively (P<0.05). Finally, it is possible to obtain high quality sugar beet pulp silage by increasing its dry matter content (20-30%) with wheat straw or grass hay and adding sugar beet molasses (5%). Urea supplementation also increases the nitrogen content of silage.
The Possibilities of Using Sugar Beet Pulp Silage Produced by Different Methods in Lamb and Dairy Cow Rations - 2 - Ruminal Degradability
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2002) Deniz, S; Bolat, D; Kaplan, O; Nursoy, H
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the ensiling methods for the more efficient and long lasting preservation of sugar beet pulp which is rich in energy and is a source of inexpensive feedstuff The ruminal degradabilities of these silages were determined Sugar beet pulp was mixed with wheat straw or grass hay and 5% molasses in order to increase the level of dry matter of the silages to 20 25 and 30% In addition at the level of 0 1 1 5 and 2% as well as 0 0 5 and 1 % urea were added to the samples containing straw and grass hay respectively The mixed materials were ensiled in jars (approximately 1 I in volume) for two months All samples were incubated for 4 8 16 24 48 and 72 h in four rumen fistulated rams Each of the samples was incubated in duplicate in the rumen of each ram After a 72 h incubation period the ruminal dry matter degradability of silages containing 20 25 and 30% dry matter were found to be 81 31 73 72 and 70 42% and 81 49 81 09 and 77 19% for the samples containing wheat straw and grass hay respectively The ruminal degradabilities of silage samples were affected negatively by adding different levels of wheat straw in order to increase dry matter content whereas grass hay levels had no effect On the other hand urea supplementation had no effect on ruminal dry matter degradability.
The Possibilities of Using Sugar Beet Pulp Silage Produced by Different Methods in Lamb and Dairy Cow Rations - 3 - Digestibility and Lamb Fattening Trials
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2002) Deniz, S; Denek, N; Nursoy, H; Oguz, MN
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate ensiling methods for more efficient and long lasting preservation of sugar beet pulp which is an energy rich cheap feedstuff For this reason during ensiling the dry matter of sugar beet pulp was increased to 20% by adding wheat straw or grass hay On the other hand 1 % urea + 5% beet molasses (SBPSM) and 0% urea + 5% beet molasses (SBPHM) were added to these silages containing wheat straw or grass hay respectively Two kinds of beet pulp silages corn silage and grass hay were utilized in lambs in this experiment In the digestion trial organic matter digestibilities were 60 39 58 99 55 80 and 60 03% (P<0 05) for corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay respectively Crude cellulose digestibilities were similar however crude protein digestibilitiy was greater in the group fed SBPSM silage than in the other groups (P<0 05) Crude protein digestibilities were 65 98 86 26 70 27 and 70 66 for corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay respectively In the fattening trial the silages and grass hay were fed ad libitum while the concentrates were limited to 30% of the requirement The trial lasted 60 days Total live weight gains were found to be 4 62 2 85 3 45 and 5 93 kg and daily weight gains were found to be 77 48 58 and 99 g in the corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay groups (P>0 05) respectively In conclusion when the dry matter concentration of sugar beet pulp was increased to 20% and supplemented with molasses a good quality silage can be obtained The digestibility rates of these silages may equal the nutritive value of corn silage but the value of both corn silage and the silages of sugar beet pulp in lamb fattening is questionable.