Browsing by Author "Durak, Halil"

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Assessment of Avocado Seeds (Persea Americana) To Produce Bio-Oil Through Supercritical Liquefaction
(Wiley, 2015) Aysu, Tevfik; Durak, Halil
Avocado (Persea americana) seeds were liquefied in supercritical ethanol and acetone with (KOH, ZnCl2) and without catalyst at various temperatures (250, 270, and 290 degrees C) in an autoclave under high pressure for production of bio-oil. The effects of liquefaction parameters, such as type of solvent, temperature, and type of catalyst, on the liquefaction yields were studied. Acetone as solvent and zinc chloride as catalyst provide the optimum conditions for liquefaction. The results showed that the highest conversion (liquid+gaseous products) of 76.90 % was obtained in acetone at 290 degrees C with ZnCl2 (10%). The produced bio-oils were analyzed and characterized by the methods including Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). One hundred seventy and 195 different compounds were identified by GC-MS in the bio-oils obtained in acetone at 270 and 290 degrees C, respectively. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Assessment on Gamma Radiation Shielding Properties of Molybdenum Doped Bricks
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Oto, Berna; Kavaz, Esra; Durak, Halil; Madak, Zekiye
Gamma radiation permeability experiments were carried out by preparing a new type of brick mixture with Molybdenum (Mo, Z = 42) additives (0 (B0), 5 (B1), 10 (B2), 20 (B3), 30 (B4), 40 (B5), 50 (B6) %wt). The density of the bricks increased to 2.79 g/cm(3) with increasing Mo content. The bricks were exposed to gamma rays with 81, 276, 303, 356 and 383 keV photon energies emitted from Ba-133 radioactive source and the transmitted intensities were detected using the Canberra Ultra Ge detector. Gamma attenuation characteristics of the bricks were also calculated by mass attenuation coefficients, effective atomic numbers and electron densities using the EpiXS program as a function of gamma-ray energy. And also, the exposure and energy absorption buildup factors of bricks were determined at different mean-free paths and photon energies using EpiXS program. It was observed that as the density of the bricks increased, the radiation shielding properties also increased. The values of the mass attenuation coefficients at 81 keV for B0-B6 bricks were found to vary between 0.229 and 1.08 cm(2)/g. It was found that Z(eff) values were 13.3, 16.1, 17.4, 19.09, 22.5, 25.3 and 26.6 for B0, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 samples at 81 keV, respectively. As can be seen from these results, B6 brick has the highest Z(eff) value. And also, the calculated results displayed that the lowest values of exposure buildup factors and energy absorption buildup factors are observed for the B6 brick. The B6 brick containing 50% Mo element has a higher mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number values than the other bricks. The values of exposure and energy absorption buildup factors of B6 brick were lower than the values of other investigated samples. The measured and calculated shielding values of the bricks were in close agreement. It has been seen that the shielding results of these new types of bricks, which are low in cost and easy to produce and use, are quite successful.
Bio-Oil and Bio-Char From Lactuca Scariola: Significance of Catalyst and Temperature for Assessing Yield and Quality of Pyrolysis
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2022) Yucedag, Eren; Durak, Halil
In this study, the effect of temperature and catalyst on the conversion of lactuca scariola stems into liquid and solid products with catalyst (H3BO3, NaOH, Na2B4O7.10H(2)O, ZnCl2, K2CO3) and without catalyst at temperatures of 350, 450 and 550 degrees C was investigated by a method of pyrolysis, a method of thermochemical conversion. The highest liquid product yield was obtained in the presence of ZnCl2 (33.97%). The obtained liquid and solid products were examined by GC-MS, Elemental, FT-IR, SEM and H-1 NMR analysis methods. While the temperature in the experiments with catalyst and without catalyst was 350 degrees C, 98 different compounds, consisting of aromatics, aliphatics, oxygenated, nitrogenated and polycyclic compounds are obtained in general; at 450 degrees C, 92 different compounds, and for 550 degrees C, 88 different compounds were obtained.
Bio-Oil Production From Biomass Via Supercritical Fluid Extraction
(Amer inst Physics, 2016) Durak, Halil
Supercritical fluid extraction is used for producing bio-fuel from biomass. Supercritical fluid extraction process under supercritical conditions is the thermally disruption process of the lignocellulose or other organic materials at 250-400 degrees C temperature range under high pressure (4-5 MPa). Supercritical fluid extraction trials were performed in a cylindrical reactor (75 mL) in organic solvents (acetone, ethanol) under supercritical conditions with (calcium hydroxide, sodium carbonate) and without catalyst at the temperatures of 250, 275 and 300 degrees C. The produced liquids at 300 degrees C in supercritical liquefaction were analyzed and characterized by elemental, GC-MS and FT-IR. 36 and 37 different types of compounds were identified by GC-MS obtained in acetone and ethanol respectively.
Bio-Oil Production From Glycyrrhiza Glabra Through Supercritical Fluid Extraction
(Elsevier, 2014) Durak, Halil
Glycyrrhiza glabra was liquefied by ethanol and acetone in an autoclave under high pressure using potassium hydroxide or sodium carbonate as the catalyst, as well as without catalyst at various temperatures (250, 270 and 290 degrees C) for producing bio-oil. The experimental results show that the yield of the main liquefaction product (bio-oil) was influenced significantly by liquefaction parameters such as solvent type, and catalyst type and temperature. The results showed that the maximum bio-oil yield was obtained in acetone (79%) at 290 degrees C without catalyst. The products of liquefaction (bio-oil) were analysed and characterized using various methods including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. GC MS identified 131 and 147 different compounds in the bio-oils obtained at 270 and 290 degrees C, respectively. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bio-Oil Production Via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Anchusa Azurea: Effects of Operating Conditions on Product Yields and Chromatographic Characterization
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2016) Aysu, Tevfik; Durak, Halil; Guner, Serkan; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Esim, Nevzat
Pyrolysis of Anchusa azurea, a lignocellulosic gramineous plant, was carried out in a tubular, fixed-bed reactor in the presence of four catalysts (Ca(OH)(2), Na2CO3, ZnCl2, Al2O3). The influences of pyrolysis parameters such as catalyst and temperature on the yields of products were studied. It was found that higher temperature resulted in lower liquid (bio-oil) and solid (bio-char) yields and higher gas yields. Catalysts effected the yields of products differently and the composition of bio-oils. Liquid yields were increased in the presence of Na2CO3, ZnCl2 and Al2O3 and decreased with Ca(OH)(2). The highest bio-oil yield (34.05%) by weight including aqueous phase was produced with Na2CO3 catalyst at 450 degrees C. The yields of products (bio-char, bio-oil and gas) and the compositions of the resulting bio-oils were determined by GC-MS, FT-IR and elemental analysis. GC-MS identified 124 and 164 different compounds in the bio-oils obtained at 350 and 550 degrees C respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bio-Oil Production Via Catalytic Supercritical Liquefaction of Syrian Mesquite (Prosopis Farcta)
(Elsevier, 2016) Aysu, Tevfik; Durak, Halil
Supercritical liquefaction of Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta) stems was performed to produce bio-oil in methanol and acetone without and with (zinc chloride, sodium hydroxide) catalyst at three different temperatures (255, 275 and 295 degrees C) using a high pressure (40 MPa) autoclave reactor for 75 min reaction time. The effects of process parameters including temperature, catalyst and solvent on liquefaction yields were investigated. The optimum conditions for liquefaction were provided with zinc chloride as catalyst and acetone as solvent at 295 degrees C. According to the results, the highest conversion of 77.96% and liquid yield of 49.67% were obtained in acetone at 295 degrees C in the presence of zinc chloride. The produced bio-oils were analyzed and characterized by the methods including elemental analysis (EA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). EA indicated that the most of the raw material's energy was recovered in bio-oils with HHVs between 20 and 34 MJ/kg. GC MS showed the formation of diverse compounds including aliphatics, aromatics, oxygenated and nitrogenated compounds. Acetone bio-oils were enriched in aromatics, ketones and esters while methanol bio-oils contained sugars and carboxylic acids. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bio-Oil Production Via Subcritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass
(Amer inst Physics, 2017) Durak, Halil
Biomass based raw materials can be converted into the more valued energy forms using biochemical methods such as ethanol fermentation, methane fermentation and the thermochemical methods such as direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction. The bio-oil obtained from the biomass has many advantages than traditional use. Firstly, it has features such as high energy density, easy storage and easy transportation. Bio-oil can be used as a fuel in engines, turbines and burning units directly. Besides, it can be converted into products in higher quality and volume via catalytic cracking, hydrodexygenation, emulsification, and steam reforming [1,2]. Many organic solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, isopropanol are used in the supercritical liquefaction processes. When we think about the cost and effects of the organic solvent on nature, it will be understood better that it is necessary to find solvent that are more sensitive against nature. Here, water must have an important place because of its features. Most important solvent of the world water is named as "universal solvent" because none of the liquids can dissolve the materials as much as done by water. Water is found much at the nature and cost of it is very few when compared with the other solvent. Hydrothermal liquefaction, a thermochemical conversion process is an effective method used for converting biomass into the liquid products. General reaction conditions for hydrothermal liquefaction process are the 250-374 degrees C temperature range and 4 - 22 Mpa pressure values range, besides, the temperature values can be higher according to the product that is expected to be obtained [3,4]. In this study, xanthium strumarium plant stems have been used as biomass source. The experiments have been carried out using a cylindrical reactor (75 mL) at the temperatures of 300 degrees C. The produced liquids at characterized by elemental analysis, GC-MS and FT-IR. According to the analysis, different types of compounds were identified by GC-MS.
Biyokütlenin Katalitik Hidrotermal Sıvılaştırma Yöntemi İle Sıvılaştırılması
(2019) Durak, Halil
Biyokütle ısıl, biyolojik ve fiziksel birçok yöntemle daha değerlienerji formlarına dönüştürülebilmektedir. Biyokütlenin gelenekselyöntem ile doğrudan yakılması sonucu enerji elde edilebildiği gibi çeşitlitermokimyasal işlemlerle de biyokütleden katı, sıvı ve gaz yakıtlar eldeedilebilmektedir. Biyokütledenbiyoyakıt üretimi için gazlaştırma, pirolizve sıvılaştırma gibi birçok termokimyasal yöntem kullanılmaktadır.Biyokütleden elde edilen biyo yağ ın geleneksel kullanıma göre birçokavantajı vardır. Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma biyokütlenin yüksek enerjiiçeriğine sahip sıvı ürünlere dönüştürülmesinde kullanılantermokimyasalproseslerden biridir. Genellikle kritik altı su koşullarındave yüksek basınçta gerçekleştirilir ve biyo-yağ olarak adlandırılanorganik bir sıvı elde edilir. Suyun eşsiz ve çevre dostu bir çözücüolması, işlemin ıslak biyokütlelere uygulanabilmesi ve dolayısıylabiyokütlenin kurutulma zorunluluğunun olmaması, piroliz gibiişlemlerden daha düşük sıcaklıkta gerçekleştirilebilmesi ve yüksekenerji verimliliği hidrotermal sıvılaştırmayı cazip hale getirmektedir.Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma prosesinde kullanılan su eşsiz ve çevre dostubir çözücüdür, bu proses ıslak biyokütlelerede uygulanabilir, piroliz gibiişlemlerden daha düşük sıcaklıkta gerçekleştirilir ve yüksek enerjiverimliliğine sahiptir tüm bu avantajla göz önüne alındığındahidrotermal sıvılaştırma prosesi diğer termokimyasal proseslere kıyasladaha cazip hale gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada prosopisfarcta bitkisi 350 oCde Al2O3 ve NaOH katalizörleri varlığında katalitik hidrotermalsıvılaştırma yöntemi ile sıvı ve katı ürünlere dönüştürülmüştür. Eldeedilen ürünler GC-MS analiz yöntemi ile analize dilmiştir. GC-MS analizsonuçlarına gore elde edilen sıvı ürünler genel olarak C6-C27 karbonlumono aromatik, alifatik, poliaromatik ve oksijenli bileşiklerdenoluşmaktadır
Catalytic Effect of Metal Powder and Mcm-41/Metal Catalysts on the Pyrolysis of Cellulose
(Wiley, 2024) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil; Genel, Yasar
This study investigates the effect of support catalysts on the pyrolysis process of cellulose by comparing it with metal powder catalysts. MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, MCM-41/Fe, Al, and Fe metal powders were employed as catalysts, and the pyrolysis temperature was set at 350, 450, and 550?. The MCM-41 group catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, and SEM-EDS techniques. GC-MS and elemental analysis methods were used to analyze the liquid products. The results indicate that different catalysts can affect the energy value and product variety of cellulose pyrolysis. Specifically, Al and Fe powder catalysts yielded higher liquid product yields compared to MCM-41 group catalysts. The MCM-41 group catalysts mainly produced monoaromatic compounds, while Al and Fe powder catalysts were more effective at producing aliphatic compounds. These findings suggest that the selection of catalysts can have a significant impact on the outcome of cellulose pyrolysis.
Catalytic Effects of Borax and Iron(Iii) Chloride on Supercritical Liquefaction of Anchusa Azurea With Methanol and Isopropanol
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2016) Aysu, Tevfik; Durak, Halil
Anchusa azurea is a lignocellulosic gramineous plant, and it has been selected as a renewable feedstock to be used in a liquefaction process to obtain biofuel. Milled Anchusa azurea stalks were converted to liquid products in methanol and isopropanol with (borax or iron(III) chloride) and without catalyst in an autoclave at temperatures of 260, 280, and 300 degrees C. The liquefaction parameter effects such as catalyst, solvents, and temperature were investigated. The highest percentages of liquid yields from methanol and isopropanol conversions were 64.70% (with borax) and 29.20% (with borax) at 300 degrees C in the catalytic runs, respectively. The highest conversion (73.80%) was obtained in methanol with borax catalyst at the same temperature. The obtained liquid products at 300 degrees C were analyzed and characterized by elemental, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Seventy-three different compounds have been identified by GC-MS in the liquid products obtained in methanol at 300 degrees C.
Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lactuca Scariola With a Heterogeneous Catalyst: the Investigation of Temperature, Reaction Time and Synergistic Effect of Catalysts
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
In this study, lignocellulosic biomass was converted into liquid products by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction. Zn, Fe, and Zn + Fe were used to obtaining products with high energy value as heterogeneous catalyst systems in this study. The different experimental parameters were used to examine temperature (220, 240, 260, 280, 300 degrees C), reaction time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 min.), and the synergistic effect of catalysts (Zn + Fe) on conversion rate. The products obtained were examined by GC-MS, Elemental, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, SEM-EDX, and XRD analysis methods. According to the results of the experiment, it has been determined that Fe is the most effective catalyst for light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil yields and Zn + Fe is the most effective catalyst system for the gas + aqueous phase products. Fe catalyst in monoaromatics formation, Zn catalyst in polyaromatic and aliphatics compound formation, Zn + Fe catalyst system in oxygen compounds formation are effective.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra L.) in a Fixed-Bed Reactor: Effects of Pyrolysis Parameters on Product Yields and Character
(Elsevier, 2015) Aysu, Tevfik; Durak, Halil
Pyrolysis of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) stalks were performed in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with (ZnO, FeCl3, K2CO3, Al2O3. Na2B4O7 center dot 10H(2)O) and without catalyst at three different temperatures (350, 450,550 degrees C) with a constant heating rate of 40 degrees C/min. The amounts of bio-char, bio-oil and gas produced, as well as the compositions of the resulting bio-oils were determined by GC MS. The effects of pyrolysis parameters on product yields were investigated. The results indicate that both temperature and catalysts effect the conversions of G. glabra L. into solid, liquid and gaseous products. The highest conversion of 74.50% and liquid yield of 34.35% were obtained with Na2B4O7 center dot 10H(2)O catalyst at 550 degrees C temperature when 0.224 > Dp > 0.150mm particle sized samples and 100 mL/min of sweeping gas flow rate were used. Liquid products (bio-oils) obtained at 350 and 550 degrees C were analyzed by elemental analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC MS). 133 and 148 different compounds were identified by GC MS in the bio-oils obtained at 350 and 550 degrees C, respectively. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Characterization of Bio-Oil and Bio-Char Obtained From Black Cumin Seed by Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Investigation of Potential as an Energy Source
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2023) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
In this study, black cumin seed cake was converted to liquid and solid products with catalyst (Al2O3, Ca(OH)(2), SnCl4.5H(2)O) and without catalyst at 300 degrees C, 325 degrees C, and 350 degrees C by using the hydrothermal liquefaction method. The obtained products were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR, SEM, elemental analysis, and the H-1 NMR method. The highest light bio-oil yield was determined as 3.18% at 350 degrees C with the catalyst SnCl4.5H(2)O and the highest heavy bio-oil yield was found to be 37.37% at 300 degrees C with the catalyst Al2O3. According to the results of the elemental analysis, the energy values of the liquid products (Light, Heavy bio-oil) varied between 21.87 and 31.78 Mjkg(-1) and the energy values of the solid products ranged between 16.22 and 18.28 Mjkg(-1). In the GC-MS analysis of the liquid products gained at 300 degrees C and 350 degrees C, a large number of different compounds, generally composed of monoaromatic, aliphatic, polyaromatic, and oxygenated compounds, were obtained.
Characterization of Products Obtained From Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass (Anchusa Azurea) Compared To Other Thermochemical Conversion Methods
(Springer Heidelberg, 2019) Durak, Halil
In this study, biomass was converted into new products with catalyst (H3BO3, Na2CO3, Al2O3) and without catalyst at 300, 325, and 350 degrees C by the hydrothermal liquefaction method. The products obtained were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR, SEM, elemental analysis, and H-1 NMR methods. Based on the trials, the highest liquid product yield (total bio-oil) was determined as 29.69% in the trial without catalyst at 350 degrees C. The higher heating value (HHV) has been calculated by Dulong's formula, and the HHV values of all the (light bio-oil, heavy bio-oil, and solid residue) were determined to be higher than the HHV value of the feedstock. The highest HHV value was obtained from heavy bio-oil as 31.32MJ/kg with the catalyst at 350 degrees C. This HHV value is higher than the HHV value attained by the pyrolysis and supercritical liquefaction method. The products obtained generally consisted of monoaromatics, polyaromatics, oxygen compounds, and aliphatics. Based on the results of the elemental analysis, HHV values varying between 16.22 and 31.78MJ/kg were found for all products.
Comparative Analysis of Electrochemical and Thermochemical Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Phenolics for Sustainable Biofuel and Chemical Production
(Mdpi, 2025) Durak, Halil
The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of biomass-derived phenolic compounds is a promising approach to the production of value-added chemicals and biofuels in a sustainable way under moderate reaction conditions. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of electrochemical and thermochemical hydrogenation processes, highlighting their relative advantages in terms of energy efficiency, product selectivity, and environmental impact. Several electrocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru), membranes (Nafion, Fumasep, GO-based PEMs), and reactor configurations are tested for the selective conversion of model compounds such as phenol, guaiacol, furfural, and levulinic acid. The contributions made by the electrode material, electrolyte composition, membrane nature, and reaction conditions are critically evaluated in relation to Faradaic efficiency, conversion rates, and product selectivity. The enhancement in the performance achieved by a new catalyst architecture is emphasized, such as MOF-based systems and bimetallic/trimetallic catalysts. In addition, a demonstration of graphite-based membranes and membrane-separated slurry reactors (SSERs) is provided, for enhanced ion transport and reaction control. The results illustrate the potential of using ECH as a low-carbon, scalable, and tunable method for the upgrading of biomass. This study offers valuable insights and guidelines for the rational design of next-generation electrocatalytic systems toward green chemical synthesis and emphasizes promising perspectives for the strategic development of electrochemical technologies in the pathway of a sustainable energy economy.
Comparison of Catalytic Efficiency of Mcm-41/Metal and Metal Powder Catalysts in Crambe Orientalis Pyrolysis
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil
This study investigated the impact of catalysts on the pyrolysis of Crambe orientalis at 300, 400, and 500 degrees C. The experiments were carried out with (Al, Fe, MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe) and without catalyst. MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe were synthesized through the hydrothermal method and characterized by SEM-EDX, SEM-EDS, and XRD techniques. GC-MS and elemental analysis were conducted to examine the liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis process, with and without catalysts. The study was aimed at determining the influence of metal powder and support catalysts on product yield and quality. The results indicate that MCM-41/Al and MCM-41/Fe catalysts exhibit greater catalytic efficiency than Al and Fe metal powders. The use of MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe catalysts resulted in the production of high-energy value products during 500 degrees C trials, with energy values of 23.67, 23.03, and 22.96 MJ/kg, respectively.
Comprehensive Assessment of Thermochemical Processes for Sustainable Waste Management and Resource Recovery
(Mdpi, 2023) Durak, Halil
Thermochemical techniques have emerged as promising and sustainable approaches for converting diverse waste materials into valuable products, including chemicals and fuels. This study critically assesses the strengths and limitations of various thermochemical processes, focusing on their potential for large-scale implementation and commercial viability. The investigation encompasses a comprehensive examination of processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction, aiming to compare them based on crucial parameters including energy efficiency, product yield, product quality, and environmental impact. Through this comparative analysis, the study aims to identify the most suitable thermochemical treatment for specific waste materials, thereby facilitating the development of sustainable and economically feasible waste management strategies. By providing valuable insights into the selection and optimization of thermochemical processes, this research contributes to the advancement of waste-to-value technologies and supports the transition towards a circular economy.
Crambe Orientalis Bitkisinin Hidrotermal Yöntemle Naf/al2o3 Katalizörü Varlığında Sıvılaştırılması, Katalizör Oranının Sıvı Ürün İçeriğine Etkisi
(2023) Genel, Salıh; Durak, Halil
Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma, yüksek basınç ve sıcaklık altında biyokütlenin sulu ortamda sıvılaştırılması işlemidir. Bu işlem, biyokütlenin enerji ve malzeme dönüşümü için çevre dostu bir yöntem olarak kabul edilmektedir. HTL işlemi için uygun katalizörlerin seçimi oldukça önemlidir. Katalizörler, HTL işlemi verimliliğini artırarak daha yüksek kaliteli ürünler elde etmeyi ve aynı zamanda enerji tüketimini azaltarak çevre dostu bir süreç sağlamayı mümkün kılar. Yapılan çalışmada Crambe orientalis bitkisinin hidrotermal sıvılaştırılmasında katalizör olarak NaF/Al2O3 kullanılmıştır. Alüminaya yüklenen NaF miktarına göre 3 farklı katalizör sentezlenmiştir. Reaksiyon sıcaklığı 325 oC bekleme süresi 30 dakika olarak belirlenmiştir. Katalizörlerin ağırlıkça miktarlarının sıvı ürün elementel içeriği üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. En yüksek enerji değeri, NaF-2 katalizörü varlığında ağırlıkça %25’lik oranda elde edilmiştir.
Crambe Orientalis Bitkisinin Metal Destekli Mcm-41 Katalizörü Varlığında Pirolizi: Sıvı Ürün Bileşimine Katalizör Oranının Etkisi
(2023) Genel, Salıh; Durak, Halil
Piroliz, organik maddelerin oksijensiz ortamda ısıtılması neticesinde meydana gelen ısıl parçalanma olayıdır. Biyokütle katalitik piroliz prosesi ile enerji değeri yüksek sıvı ürünlere dönüştürülmektedir. Katalizör olarak metal destekli/desteksiz MCM-41 katalizörleri kullanılmıştır. Katalizör sentezinde hidrotermal yöntem kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada crambe orientalis bitkisi 400 oC sıcaklıkta ve kütlece %5 ve %25'lik MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, MCM-41/Fe katalizörleri varlığında piroliz edilmiştir. Kütlece %5 ve %25 oranları için en yüksek üst ısıl değeri MCM-41 katalizörü varlığında sırasıyla 23.87, 23.95 olarak elde edilmiştir. Katalizörler X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (sem) with energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX) ve energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) yöntemleri ile karakterize edilmiştir. Elde edilen sıvı ürünler gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Elementel ve fouirer transform ınfrared spektrofotometre (FT-IR) analiz yöntemleri ile incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Crambe orientalis bitkisi biyokütle kaynağı olarak kullanım potansiyeline sahiptir. Katalizörler ürün bileşimi üzerine etkilidir.