Browsing by Author "Genel, Salih"

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Catalytic Effect of Metal Powder and Mcm-41/Metal Catalysts on the Pyrolysis of Cellulose
(Wiley, 2024) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil; Genel, Yasar
This study investigates the effect of support catalysts on the pyrolysis process of cellulose by comparing it with metal powder catalysts. MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, MCM-41/Fe, Al, and Fe metal powders were employed as catalysts, and the pyrolysis temperature was set at 350, 450, and 550?. The MCM-41 group catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM-EDX, and SEM-EDS techniques. GC-MS and elemental analysis methods were used to analyze the liquid products. The results indicate that different catalysts can affect the energy value and product variety of cellulose pyrolysis. Specifically, Al and Fe powder catalysts yielded higher liquid product yields compared to MCM-41 group catalysts. The MCM-41 group catalysts mainly produced monoaromatic compounds, while Al and Fe powder catalysts were more effective at producing aliphatic compounds. These findings suggest that the selection of catalysts can have a significant impact on the outcome of cellulose pyrolysis.
Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lactuca Scariola With a Heterogeneous Catalyst: the Investigation of Temperature, Reaction Time and Synergistic Effect of Catalysts
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
In this study, lignocellulosic biomass was converted into liquid products by catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction. Zn, Fe, and Zn + Fe were used to obtaining products with high energy value as heterogeneous catalyst systems in this study. The different experimental parameters were used to examine temperature (220, 240, 260, 280, 300 degrees C), reaction time (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 min.), and the synergistic effect of catalysts (Zn + Fe) on conversion rate. The products obtained were examined by GC-MS, Elemental, FT-IR, H-1 NMR, SEM-EDX, and XRD analysis methods. According to the results of the experiment, it has been determined that Fe is the most effective catalyst for light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil yields and Zn + Fe is the most effective catalyst system for the gas + aqueous phase products. Fe catalyst in monoaromatics formation, Zn catalyst in polyaromatic and aliphatics compound formation, Zn + Fe catalyst system in oxygen compounds formation are effective.
Characterization of Bio-Oil and Bio-Char Obtained From Black Cumin Seed by Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Investigation of Potential as an Energy Source
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2023) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
In this study, black cumin seed cake was converted to liquid and solid products with catalyst (Al2O3, Ca(OH)(2), SnCl4.5H(2)O) and without catalyst at 300 degrees C, 325 degrees C, and 350 degrees C by using the hydrothermal liquefaction method. The obtained products were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR, SEM, elemental analysis, and the H-1 NMR method. The highest light bio-oil yield was determined as 3.18% at 350 degrees C with the catalyst SnCl4.5H(2)O and the highest heavy bio-oil yield was found to be 37.37% at 300 degrees C with the catalyst Al2O3. According to the results of the elemental analysis, the energy values of the liquid products (Light, Heavy bio-oil) varied between 21.87 and 31.78 Mjkg(-1) and the energy values of the solid products ranged between 16.22 and 18.28 Mjkg(-1). In the GC-MS analysis of the liquid products gained at 300 degrees C and 350 degrees C, a large number of different compounds, generally composed of monoaromatic, aliphatic, polyaromatic, and oxygenated compounds, were obtained.
Comparison of Catalytic Efficiency of Mcm-41/Metal and Metal Powder Catalysts in Crambe Orientalis Pyrolysis
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil
This study investigated the impact of catalysts on the pyrolysis of Crambe orientalis at 300, 400, and 500 degrees C. The experiments were carried out with (Al, Fe, MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe) and without catalyst. MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe were synthesized through the hydrothermal method and characterized by SEM-EDX, SEM-EDS, and XRD techniques. GC-MS and elemental analysis were conducted to examine the liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis process, with and without catalysts. The study was aimed at determining the influence of metal powder and support catalysts on product yield and quality. The results indicate that MCM-41/Al and MCM-41/Fe catalysts exhibit greater catalytic efficiency than Al and Fe metal powders. The use of MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, and MCM-41/Fe catalysts resulted in the production of high-energy value products during 500 degrees C trials, with energy values of 23.67, 23.03, and 22.96 MJ/kg, respectively.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass With Molybdenum, Aluminum, Cobalt Metal Powder Catalysts and Evaluation of Wastewater by Fungus Cultivation
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil; Durak, Emre Demirer; Gunes, Hasret; Genel, Yasar
In this study, the Ammi visnaga plant was liquefied in the presence of Mo, Al and Co metal powder catalysts and without catalyst. Liquefaction trials were carried out at 225, 250, 275 and 300 degrees C reaction temperatures and reaction times of 0, 15, 30 and 45 min. The highest liquid product yield was determined as 42.31% in the experiment without catalyst and 39.42% with Mo catalyst at 300 degrees C. GC-MS, XRD, TOC, SEM-EDX and Elemental analysis methods were used to characterization of solid and liquid product. The highest energy values were determined as 25.34 MJ/kg for light oil and 29.69 MJ/kg for heavy oil with Co catalyst. In order to investigate the agricultural application potential, the effects of the wastewater obtained at the end of the trials on Tricho-derma harzianum, Clonostachys rose and Rhizoctonia solani fungi were investigated. It was determined the bioagent fungi developed and pathogen growth was inhibited.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Cellulose in the Presence of Sodium Fluoride-Doped Alumina Catalyst
(Springer, 2024) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
This study investigates the impact of NaF/Al2O3 catalysts on hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of cellulose. Three catalysts with varying NaF loadings were synthesized and characterized using XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, SEM-EDX, and SEM-EDS. HTL reactions were conducted at 300, 325, and 350 degrees C for 30 min. Elemental, GC-MS, FT-IR and 1H NMR analyses were performed on the liquid products. Results reveal that NaF/Al2O3 catalysts effectively enhance liquid product yield and generate high-energy-value products. NaF-2 and NaF-3 exhibit superior performance in fuel-specific liquid product yield, with increased aliphatics and reduced oxygen compounds. These catalysts display higher carbon content, lower oxygen-to-carbon ratios, and higher heating values, suggesting the production of bio-oils with favorable fuel properties and superior energy values. The findings contribute to understanding catalyst performance in biomass liquefaction, informing efforts to enhance process efficiency and sustainability. Optimum HTL conversion of cellulose occurs with 30% NaF loading.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Datura Stramonium L.: Influence of Temperature and Heterogeneous Catalysts
(Wiley, 2024) Genel, Salih
In this study, Datura stramonium L. plant was converted into liquid products by hydrothermal liquefaction method with and without catalysts (Al, Zn, and Cu). The reaction temperature was determined as 300, 325, and 350 degrees C, and the waiting time was determined as 30 min. The obtained liquid products were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and elemental analysis methods. Higher light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil yields were obtained with Al, Zn, and Cu catalysts compared to experiments without catalysts. The highest light bio-oil yields were found as 10.24%, 8.87%, and 7.98% for Zn, Cu, and Al catalysts, respectively. In heavy bio-oil, the highest efficiency was obtained as 26.98% in the presence of Al catalyst. For all experiments, the highest liquid product yield was obtained at 325 C. At the end of the experiments, it was determined that heterogeneous catalysts were effective on product yield and compound types.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Syrian Mesquite (Prosopis Farcta): Effects of Operating Parameters on Product Yields and Characterization by Different Analysis Methods
(Elsevier, 2018) Colak, Utku; Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
In this study, the effect of temperature and catalyst on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass was investigated. At the end of the experiments, prosopis farcta plant was transformed to solid residue (bio-char) and liquid products (heavy bio-oil, light bio-oil) at temperatures of 250, 300 and 350 degrees C with catalyst (H3BO3, Na2B4O7 center dot 10H(2)O, NaOH) and without catalyst by hydrothermal liquefaction. The liquid and solid products obtained at the end of the experiments were analyzed by GC-MS, FT-IR, 1 H NMR, SEM and elemental analysis methods. The highest liquid product yield was obtained at 350 degrees C with sodium tetraborate catalyst as 35.69%. According to the elemental analysis results, the HHV values of the liquid products range from 19.75 to 29.54 MJ kg(-1) for 300 degrees C and from 18.06 to 30.02 MJ kg(-1) for 350 degrees C. HHV values of all obtained liquid products were found to be higher than raw materials.
Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process of Ammi Visnaga and a New Approach for Recycling of the Waste Process Water: Cultivation of Algae and Fungi
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih; Durak, Emre Demirer; Ozcimen, Didem; Kocer, Anil Tevfik
In this study, biomass was tried to be liquefied by catalytic hydrothermal process. In addition, the effects of waste process water on growth of beneficial-pathogenic fungi and algae were investigated. Ammi visnaga as biomass source; Cu, W, and Fe metal powders as catalysts; Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma vixens, and Verticillium dahliae as fungus species; and Chlorella minutissima as algae were used. In trials, 250, 275, 300, and 325 degrees C temperatures and 0, 15, 30, and 45 min parameters were determined. GC-MS, TOC, XRD, and elemental analysis methods were used for characterization. The optimum temperatures for light bio-oil and heavy bio-oil were 300 degrees C and 325 degrees C, respectively. The highest HHV value was obtained as 30.30 Mj/kg in the presence of Fe catalyst. It was determined that waste process waters support beneficial fungus and algae growth and suppress pathogen growth.
Investigation of the Effect of Metal Powder and Metal-Supported Mcm-41 Catalysts on the Pyrolysis of Horse Chestnut Fruits and Shells (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.)
(Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih
Horse chestnut fruit and horse chestnut shell are derived from the same biomass but exhibit distinct structural characteristics. Different compounds can be produced through the pyrolysis of these materials. The pyrolysis process was conducted on horse chestnut fruit and shell at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 degrees C, both with and without various catalysts (Al, Fe, MCM-41/Al, MCM-41/Fe). The synthesis of MCM-41 catalysts utilized a hydrothermal method, and their properties were assessed through XRD, SEM-EDX, and SEM-EDS analyses. The resulting products from the pyrolysis were analyzed using GC-MS and elemental analysis techniques. Optimal efficiency was achieved at 400 degrees C, with the highest HHV value recorded at 34.38 MJ/kg when Al powder catalyst was present.
Liquefacion of Biomass Using Different Catalyst Systems by Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Method, Characterization of the Products Obtained
(2022) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil
Biyokütle fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik yöntemlerle sıvı, katı ve gaz ürünlere dönüştürülmektedir. Termokimyasal dönüşüm yöntemleri (Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma, piroliz ve gazlaştırma) biyokütlenin dönüşümünde diğer yöntemlere göre daha avantajlı görünmektedir. Homojen ve heterojen katalizör sistemlerindeki gelişmeler sıvılaştırma yöntemlerindeki ürün kalitesi ve verimi üzerine olumlu etki yapmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmada biyokütle kaynağı olarak Crambe orientalis bitkisi kullanılmış ve bu biyokütleye hidrotermal sıvılaştırma ve piroliz dönüşüm yöntemleri uygulanarak enerji değeri yüksek sıvı ve katı ürünlere eldesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemelere başlanmadan önce biyokütleye TGA ve FT-IR analiz yöntemleri uygulanmış ve içerik oranları belirlenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma iki aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Birinci aşamada hidrotermal sıvılaştırma prosesi için NaF/Al2O3 katalizörü sentezlenmiştir. Hidrotermal sıvılaştırma denemeleri 275, 300, 325 ve 350 oC sıcaklık, 0, 15 30 ve 60 dakika reaksiyon süresi ve %5, %25 ve %50 katalizör oranlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan denemeler sonunda elde edilen ürünlerin verimi üzerine sıcaklık, reaksiyon süresi ve katalizör etkisi incelenmiştir. İkinci aşamada piroliz prosesi için MCM-41, MCM-41/Al, MCM-41/Fe katalizörleri sentezlenmiştir. Piroliz denemeleri 300, 400 ve 500 oC sıcaklık ve %5, %10 ve %25 katalizör oranlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan denemeler sonunda elde edilen ürünlerin verimi üzerine sıcaklık ve katalizör etkisi incelenmiştir. Her iki dönüşüm yöntemi sonunda elde edilen ürünlerin karakterizasyonu için farklı analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Sıvı ürünlerde GC-MS, Elementel, FT-IR, 1H NMR katı ürünler ise SEM-EDX, Elementel ve SEM-EDS analiz yöntemleri kullanılmıştır.
Pyrolysis of Black Cumin Seed: Significance of Catalyst and Temperature Product Yields and Chromatographic Characterization
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2019) Durak, Halil; Genel, Salih; Tunc, Mehmet
In this study, black cumin seed cake was transformed into liquid and solid products via pyrolysis method at 300, 400 and 500 degrees C with Ca(OH)(2), Al2O3, SnCl4.5H(2)O catalysts and without catalyst. The obtained liquid and solid products were examined with GC-MS, Elemental, FT-IR, H-1 NMR and SEM analysis methods. The highest liquid product yield was obtained as 30% in the presence of Al2O3 catalyst. All catalysts were found to be effective on conversion. According to the results of the elemental analysis of the liquid products obtained at the end of the experiments, HHV values were found between 32.44 and 36.19 Mj/kg. According to the results of GC-MS analysis of the liquid products, in total, 77, 61 and 66 pieces of compounds consist of monoaromatics, aliphatics, oxygenated compounds with different properties were obtained at 300, 400 and 500 degrees C reaction temperatures respectively. The results of the FT-IR and H-1 NMR that are used to examine the liquid products support the results of GC-MS. [GRAPHICS] .
The Role of Acidic, Alkaline and Hydrothermal Pretreatment on Pyrolysis of Wild Mustard (Sinapis Arvensis) on the Properties of Bio-Oil and Bio-Char
(Elsevier, 2022) Alayont, Senol; Kayan, Didem Balun; Durak, Halil; Alayont, Esra Kulaksiz; Genel, Salih
In this study, the biomass (Sinapis arvensis) was pretreated with acidic (H2SO4, HCI), alkaline (NaOH, KOH) and high temperature water (HTW) after this samples pyrolyzed at 350, 450 and 550 degrees C. GC-MS, FT-IR, Elemental, 1H NMR and SEM analysis methods were used in the characterization of the products obtained at the end of the pyrolysis process. It has been determined that alkaline and acidic pretreatment increase the liquid product yield and also support the formation of high energy value biochar. According to the liquid product content obtained as a result of pyrolysis, HTW and alkaline pretreatments are more effective in the formation of mono aromatics, and acidic pretreatments are more effective in the production of aliphatic.
The Research of the Faktors That Cause the Concept Errors in the Science and Technology Lesson Coursebooks Used for 7th Grade Classes of Primary Education From 1995 To 2006
(2008) Genel, Salih; Küçük, M. Maşuk
Ders kitaplarında bulunabilecek muhtemel kavram yanılgıları veya yanlış kavramlar yanlış kavramaların oluşmasına sebep olacaktır. Bu çalışmayla, ders kitaplarındaki kavram yanılgılarına nede olan faktörler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmada 1995-2006 yılları arasında basılmış ilköğretim 7. sınıflarında okutulan dört farklı fen bilgisi kitapları incelenmiştir.Ders kitapları tanımlar ve kavramların verilişleri, deneyler deney sayıları ve verilişleri, hazırlık inceleme ve değerlendirme sorularının verilişleri ile şekil, çizelge ve grafiklerin verilişleri olmak üzere 4 başlıkta incelenmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: Birimler, Deneyler, Denklemler, Fen bilgisi ders kitapları, Sorular, Şekil ve çizelgeler, Tanımlar ve kavramlar, Yanlış kavramlar.
The Utilization of Novel Naf/Al2o3 Catalysts in the Process of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Crambe Orientalis: Synthesis and Characterization
(Taylor & Francis inc, 2024) Genel, Salih; Durak, Halil
This research study explores the influence of NaF/Al2O3 catalysts on the process of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Crambe Orientalis. Three distinct catalysts were prepared and examined through a multitude of methodologies including FT-IR, BET, XRD and SEM/EDX/EDS. The HTL were made at temperatures ranging from 275 to 350 degrees C for a duration of 0 to 60 minutes. The liquid products obtained were subjected to elemental, GC-MS, FT-IR, and(1)H NMR analyses. The findings of this study demonstrate that NaF/Al2O3 catalysts effectively enhance the yield of liquid products. The liquid products that were obtained displayed an exceptionally elevated carbon content, with a maximum value of 80.97% achieved at a temperature of 350 degrees C. These liquid products exhibit superior heating values (HHV), which vary between 37.64 and 29.31 MJ/kg. The catalysts demonstrated efficacy in enhancing the liquid product yield, characterized by a heightened proportion of aliphatic compounds and a diminished ratio of oxygen constituents. It was determined that the obtained catalysts may have the potential to obtain liquid products with high carbon content and energy values.