Browsing by Author "Karsli, MA"

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Determination of the Chemical Composition and Digestible Dry Matter Yields of Some Grain Sorghum Varieties
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Akdeniz, H; Karsli, MA; Nursoy, H; Yilmaz, I
The objective of this study was to determine sorghum varieties that are suitable for north Anatolian conditions and possess high nutrient yields. Eight grain sorghum varieties, namely, Ogretmenoglu, Akdari, Aldari, Beydari, Ramada, A-298, DK-64 and KS-397, were utilized as plant material in the experiment. When the grains were mature, they were harvested first, and then residues were harvested by hand. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro DM digestibility. Digestible DM yields were also calculated. The DM content of residues ranged from 26.64% to 35.36% (P < 0.05). Concentrations of OM in residues were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in Ramada and Aldari compared with the other varieties. While NDF and ADF concentrations in residues were highest in Beydari, they were lowest in DK-64 (P < 0.05). Residues of DK-64 and Aldari had the highest in vitro digestibilities, DM yields and digestible DM yields (P < 0.05). Ogretmentoglu grain had the highest CP, whereas Beydari had the lowest in vitro digestibility (P < 0.05). Ramada grain had the highest DM and digestible DM yields (P < 0.05). Total (forage + grain) DM yield, digestible DM yield and CP yield were significantly higher in Ramada and A-298 compared with the other varieties (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that, of the sorghum varieties grown, Ramada had the highest yield and adaptation for north Anatoilan conditions, followed by A-298, based on digestible DM and CP yields, respectively.
Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Hazelnut and Soybean Meals on Microbial Protein Synthesis
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2006) Karsli, MA; Tasal, T; Nursoy, H
The aim of this study was to compare effects of dietary inclusion of hazelnut meal (HZM) with soybean meal (SBM) on site of digestion and microbial protein synthesis in sheep. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated female Redkaraman x kivircik sheep (initial BW of 44.0 +/- 1.02 kg) were utilized in a crossover experiment. Sheep were fed a diet of 60% corn silage (DM basis) and 40% concentrate consisting of barley and SBM or HZM. Feed was fed at 115% of ad libitum intake. Intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar between sheep fed SBM or HZM based diets (P > 0.05). Organic matter intake averaged 1089 (2.37% BW) and 1143 g/day (2.42% BW) for SBM and HZM, respectively. Apparent and true ruminal and total tract DM and OM digestibilities did not differ between diets (P > 0.05). True ruminal OM digestibility was 74.3 and 74.6% for SBM and HZM based diets, respectively. Total CP entering the duodenum was similar between diets (P > 0.05). Dietary plus endogenous CP entering the duodenum in grams and as a percentage of total CP was greater (P < 0.05) for SBM versus HZM. Quantities of microbial protein (P < 0.15) and NH3 N (P < 0.08) flowing to the duodenum tended to be less for SBM versus HZM; percentages of total CP were lower (P < 0.05) for SBM. Apparent ruminal and total tract CP digestibilities did not differ between diets, but true ruminal CP digestibility and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis tended to be higher in animals fed the HZM based diet compared with the diet based on SBM (P < 0.13). In conclusion, because total CP entering duodenum did not differ between diets, HZM can be substituted for SBM in sheep fed corn silage and barley based diets with a moderate CP level. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
The Effects of Different Silage Additives on Rumen Protozoan Number and Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration in Sheep Fed Corn Silage
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2003) Dönmez, N; Karsli, MA; Çinar, A; Aksu, T; Baytok, E
The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of different silage additives on protozoan population, genera and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and percentage of VFAs in corn silage. Four ruminally fistulated Morkaraman x Kivircik lambs were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 14-day adaptation and 1-day sampling periods. The animals were offered 20% cottonseed meal and 80% corn silage with or without treatment with silage additives, ad libitum intake. Silages used in the experiment were corn silage without treatment, treated with 5% molasses, 0.05% formic acid, and 10 g/t enzyme. Total protozoan number was significantly different among treatments (P < 0.05). It was the highest in sheep fed silage treated with molasses (313.2 x 10(3) ml(-1)) and the lowest in sheep fed silage treated with formic acid (168.0 x 10(3) ml(-1)). Entodinium, Epidinium, Isotricha, Dasytricha, Diplodinium, and Osphyroxscolex types were observed in all treatments, but major protozoan genera were Entodinium, comprising 61-69% of total protozoan population. Total VFA concentration was significantly less in sheep fed enzyme-treated silage compared with other treatments. Percentage of acetic acidwas significantly lower (P < 0.05) in sheep fed silage treated with molasses compared with other treatments, but percentages of propionic acid, and butyric acid were similar among treatments. Ruminal ammonia-N concentrations ranged from 7.71 to 15.87 mg/dl and were lowest in sheep fed enzyme-treated silage among treatments (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the highest protozoan counts were observed in the rumen of sheep fed corn silage treated with molasses. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effects of Formic Acid, Molasses and Inoculant Additives on Corn Silage Composition, Organic Matter Digestibility and Microbial Protein Synthesis in Sheep
(Elsevier, 2006) Aksu, T; Baytok, E; Karsli, MA; Muruz, H
This study examined the production of com silages with low or high lactic acid concentrations, provided by the addition of formic acid (0.5%), molasses (5%) or microbial inoculant (homofermentative lactic acid bacteria, 10 g/tonne). After the fermentation period, sheep were fed the silages to determine true and apparent digestibility of the organic matter and microbial protein synthesis. The experiment were carried out with four KivircikxMorkaraman sheep, 1.5 years old, fixed with cannula in their rumen and duodenum. Lactic acid concentrations were significantly higher in silages treated with enzyme or molasses compared to other specific treatments. Acetic acid concentration was highest in silage treated with formic acid, and lowest in silage treated with molasses (P < 0.05). The by-pass of crude protein was highest in silage treated with formic acid. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Effects of Formic Acid, Molasses and Inoculant as Silage Additives on Corn Silage Composition and Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics in Sheep
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2005) Baytok, E; Aksu, T; Karsli, MA; Muruz, H
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of formic acid, molasses, and microbial inoculant (homofermentative lactic acid bacteria) as silage additives on silage quality and ruminal fermentation characteristics. Silages with or without formic acid (0.5%), molasses (5%), or microbial inoculant (10 g/t) were fed to ruminally cannulated, 1.5 year-old Kivircik x Morkaraman sheep. Silage treated with molasses had significantly greater DM and CP concentrations compared with other groups (P < 0.05). pH values did not significantly differ among treatments (P > 0.05). Lactic acid concentrations were significantly higher in silages treated with enzyme or molasses compared with others (P < 0.05). While acetic acid concentration was the highest in silage treated with acid, it was the lowest in silage treated with molasses (P < 0.05). Silage NH3-N concentration was the highest in silage treated with molasses, but the lowest in silage treated with acid (P < 0.05). Post-feeding ruminal total organic acid concentrations were significantly greater in sheep fed silages with additive than the control (P < 0.05). While percentages of acetic acid were greater, percentages of butyric acids were less in the rumen fluid of sheep fed silage without additive compared with the rumen fluid of sheep fed silage treated with silage additives. However, percentages of propionic acid did not differ among treatments.
Effects of Increasing Zinc Supplementation in Drinking Water on Growth and Thyroid Gland Function and Histology in Broiler Chicks
(M H Schaper Gmbh Co Kg, 2002) Dönmez, HH; Karsli, MA; Meral, I; Dönmez, N; Simsek, N
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of increasing zinc supplementation on growth, feed efficiency and thyroid function and histology in broiler chicks. Sixty new born male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into one of four treatment groups and fed for 60 d. Zinc (Zn) was added into drinking water at the levels of 0, 125, 500, and 1000 mg Zn/L. Body weight gain were significantly higher and feed efficiency were significantly lower in chicks supplemented with 125 mg Zn/L compared with chicks supplemented with 500 or 1000 mg Zn/L at the end of the experiment. Serum Zn concentration linearly increased with the increasing level of Zn intake. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels and the diameters of follicles of thyroid gland were significantly reduced with high levels (500 and 1000 mg Zn/L) of Zn intake at the end of the experiment. It was concluded that chick receiving 1000 mg Zn/L as ZnSO4 . 7H(2)O in drinking water showed signs of Zn toxicity.
The Effects of Maturity on Range Quality and Animal Performance
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Karsli, MA; Deniz, S; Nursoy, H; Denek, N; Akdeniz, H
The objective of this study-was to determine the effects of maturity on the range quality and weight gain of male and female lambs, and the time at which supplementation is needed. The experiment was conducted at TIGEM Altindere Agricultural experiment station. At the start of the grazing season, four 4-m(2) areas from 3 different (expected to be heavily grazed) locations of range were excluded from grazing with cages. Dry matter (DM) yield and DM loss due to grazing at different periods of the grazing season were determined from these areas. Forage samples were collected from grazed and ungrazed areas once every two weeks from the 2(nd) week of May to the 2(nd) week of August. Parallel to forage sampling, 20 male and female lambs (a total of 40 lambs) grazing on the pasture were weighed once every two weeks to determine daily weight gains. Dry matter yield, chemical composition (DM, OM, ash, CP, NDF, and ADF) and in vitro DM digestibility of range were determined. Dry matter, NDF and ADF concentrations of forages increased (P < 0.01) and crude protein content decreased (P < 0.01), but organic matter and ash concentrations did not change with increasing maturity. The effect of grazing on the parameters mentioned above was not significant, but increasing maturity significantly affected DM digestibility and DM yields (P < 0.01). At the start of the experiment, DM digestibilities for grazed and ungrazed areas were 69.70 and 69.25%; they declined to 42.45 and 43.45% at the 7(th) sampling, respectively. Dry matter yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 54.69 and 69.64 for the V sampling, 81.88 and 120.54 for the 2(nd) sampling, 50.55 and 111.74 for the 3(rd) sampling, 59.10 and 97.13 for the 4(th) sampling, 32.82 and 78.81 for the 5(th) sampling, 38.06 and 67.61 for the 6(th) sampling, and 26.96 and 52.65 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Digestible DM yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 37.82 and 48.12 for the 1(st) sampling, 51.50 and 78.41 for the 2(nd) sampling, 28.29 and 58.50 for the 3(rd) sampling, 30.15 and 48.18 for the 4(th) sampling, 16.12 and 37.65 for the 5(th) sampling, 17.76 and 31.56 for the 6(th) sampling, and 11.96 and 24.10 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Both DM and digestible DIM yields were also affected by grazing (P < 0.01). Weight gains, determined parallel to forage sampling, during the 2(nd), 3(rd), and 4(th) periods were high (228, 263, and 182 g/d for male, and 252, 194, and 184 g/d for female lambs, respectively), but were very low after the 4(th) period. It is concluded that the range can meet the nutrient requirements of lambs for optimal weight gain during May and June, but lambs require an extra supplementation for optimal weight gain after June under Northern Anatolian conditions.
Effects of Protein Deficiency on Testosterone Levels, Semen Quality and Testicular Histology in the Developing Male Rat
(Scandinavian Federation Laboratory Animal Science, 2003) Karaca, F; Dönmez, HH; Karsli, MA
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of protein deficiency on plasma testosterone levels, epididymal sperm characteristics and testicular histology in the developing male rat. Twenty four Wistar albino rats were used in the study and were fed with a diet variously containing 3%, 10% and 20% protein. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly lower in rats fed 3% protein when compared to rats fed 10% and 20% protein (P<0.05). Testicular weight in protein deficient rats (rats fed 3% and 10% protein) was significantly lower than that of a control group (20% protein) (P<0.05). No sperm was present in the epididymal duct lumen, but germ cells were observed in some duct lumens in rats fed 3% protein. Epididymal weight decreased significantly in rats fed 3% protein compared to rats fed 10% and 20% protein (P<0.05). The results of this study clearly show that protein deficiency in developing male rats adversely affects gonadal endocrine function, testicular histology and spermatogenesis.
Effects of Some Dietary Factors on Ruminal Microbial Protein Synthesis
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2001) Karsli, MA; Russell, JR
The effects of some dietary factors, other than source and amount of N and carbohydrate, on the amount and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis are discussed in this review. Specifically, these factors include dry matter intake of animals, forage: concentrate ratio of diets, rate of N and carbohydrate degradation, synchronized release of N and energy from diets, rate of passage, and other factors, such as vitamins and minerals. It seemed that diets containing a mixture of forages and concentrates increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis because of an improved rumen environment for the growth of more diverse bacteria species.
Effects of Source and Concentrations of Nitrogen and Carbohydrate on Ruminal Microbial Protein Synthesis
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2002) Karsli, MA; Russell, JR
The objective of this review was to discuss microbial protein synthesis and the effects of sources and concentrations of nitrogen and carbohydrate on microbial protein synthesis. Even though ammonia-N is a satisfactory source of nitrogen for the growth of the majority of rumen microbes, substitution of intact protein for urea usually stimulates ruminal microbial protein synthesis. While protein sources high in degradable intake protein (DIP), such as soybean meal, appear to have properties that optimize microbial protein synthesis, protein sources low in DIP, such as fish meal, appear to limit microbial protein synthesis apparantly because of the low ruminal digestibility of fish meal. Similarly, a mixture of structural and non-structural carbohydrate sources is necessary for maximal microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
Effects of Urea or Urea Plus Molasses Supplementation To Silages With Different Sorghum Varieties Harvested at the Milk Stage on the Quality and in Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Silages
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2005) Keskin, B; Yilmaz, LH; Karsli, MA; Nursoy, H
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0.5% urea and 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses (on weight basis) addition to sorghum silages ensiled using 4 sorghum varieties (Grass II, Grazer, Gozde, and P-988) harvested at the milk stage. Plant materials were ensiled in 1-kg jars and the chemical composition, pH, organic acids, in vitro digestibility (IVDMD) and digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) of the silages were determined. Addition of urea and urea plus molasses to silages increased the crude protein ratio significantly (P < 0.01). However, the addition of urea plus molasses significantly decreased the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of the silages. Additives significantly increased the pH values of the silages. The addition of urea and urea plus molasses to silages generally did not affect acetic or propionic acid content; however, the butyric acid content of the urea and urea plus molasses groups was higher than that of the control groups. IVDMD of all sorghum varieties decreased with the addition of urea and urea plus molasses. Additives did not affect DDMY. In conclusion, the addition of 0.5% urea and 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses to sorghum silages, harvested at the milk stage, improved the CP content of the silages, but they had no positive effect on silage quality, IVDMD or DDMY.
Evaluation of the in Situ Degradation Kinetics of Some Protein Sources Commonly Used in Ruminant Feeding
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2004) Deniz, S; Karsli, MA; Nursoy, H; Kutlu, MS
The aim of the study was to evaluate the in situ degradation kinetics of some commonly used protein sources (sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal). Three ruminally fistulated rams were utilized in the study. They were fed ground alfalfa and a mixture of concentrate (60% alfalfa and 40% mixture) at maintenance level. The Dacron bags used in the study had a 45 p 2, pore size and internal dimensions of 15 x 7 cm. Feed samples were ground to pass through a 2 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of rams for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Each feed sample was incubated in the rumen of 3 rams in duplicate for each incubation time. Approximately 3.5 g of samples were placed in each Dacron bag. Concentrations of organic matter were 93.16%, 94.43% and 93.40% (P < 0.05); ether extract 1.70%, 7.12% and 2.79% (P < 0.05); crude fiber 21.64%, 19.81% and 6.77% (P < 0.05); crude protein 32.03%, 30.07% and 50.02% (P < 0.05); and ADIN-N 11.57%, 11.00% and 10.45% (P < 0.05) for sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM) and soybean meal (SBM), respectively. Ruminal DM degradability of samples was highest with SBM for all incubation times followed by SFM and CSM in that order (P < 0.05). While crude protein degradabilities of SFM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM and SBM up to 12 h incubation, they were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of CSM but similar to those of SBM at 24 and 48 h incubation times. Crude protein degradabilities were 55.72%, 41.08% and 66.06% after 8 h incubation for SFM, CSM and SBM, respectively (P < 0.05). Concentrations of water soluble protein were 45.93%, 37.65% and 35.79% (P < 0.05); potentially degradable protein 44.21%, 29.48% and 55.72% (P < 0.05); non-degradable protein 9.86%, 32.87% and 8.49% (P < 0.05); k, h(-1) were 0.173, 0.066 and 0.114 (P < 0.05); percentages of escape protein were 18.41%, 42.50% and 33.55% (P < 0.05): and escape protein 57.90, 130.30 and 167.80 g/kg (P < 0.05) for SFM, CSM and SBM. respectively.
Evaluation of the Nutrient Content and Protein Fractions of Four Different Common Vetch Varieties
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2005) Karsli, MA; Akdeniz, H; Levendoglu, T; Terzioglu, Ö
The objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, digestibility, in situ N kinetics, and by-pass protein contents of 4 different common vetch varieties grown under irrigation. Four different common vetch varieties (Emir 20/1, Nilufer 17/1, 28/1. and Uludag 31/4) with different characteristics were selected. The vetch plots were planted on June 15 2002 and each variety was randomly assigned to 3 replications. The vetches were harvested by hand using a clipper on September 1. All samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentrations. In vitro dry matter digestibility, and in situ degradability of samples at given times were also determined. While the concentrations of DM and ADIN-N did not differ, concentrations of organic matter (OM), CP' NDF, and ADF varied significantly among different vetch varieties (P < 0.05). The water soluble DM content of Nilufer 17/1 was significantly greater then that of 28/1 (P < 0.05), but in situ DM degradabilities after 48-h incubation, in vitro dry matter digestibilities, and metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) values were statistically similar among the vetch varieties (P > 0.05). While the water soluble protein (WSP) concentration was lower, concentrations of potentially degradable protein (PDP), and by-pass CID as a percentage of total digestible CP or DM were significantly greater in 28/1 than in Nilufer 17/1 and Uludag 31/4 (P < 0.05). However, concentrations of non-degradable protein (NDP) and in situ CP degradabilities after 48-h incubation did not differ among the vetch varieties (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that if high by-pass protein content is desired, 28/1 and Emir 20/1 should be preferred over the other varieties. Otherwise, Nilufer 17/1 and Uludag 31/4 should be first choice, based on DM digestibility and CP contents, because the energy contents and percentage of non-digestible CP did not differ among the vetches.
Prediction of the Voluntary Intake and Digestibility of Forage-Based Diets From Chemical Composition and Ruminal Degradation Characteristics
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2002) Karsli, MA; Russell, JR
Two digestion experiments and an in situ nylon bag experiment were conducted to determine the correlations between chemical composition, ruminal in situ degradation kinetics and OM I, and OM and CP digestibilities of diets in wethers fed forages of varying nutritive value without and with protein supplementation. Wethers were fed ground corn crop residues, oat-berseem clover or alfalfa hay in the first experiment, ground corn crop residues with or without alfalfa or oat-berseem clover hay supplemented with SBM and grain corn mixture to meet the DIP requirement, by using level 1 of the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle computer program at ad libitum intake. To determine the kinetics of N and OM degradation in the rumen, a composite sample of each feed was prepared. Duplicate bags of each forage were attached to weighted rings, placed in the rumens of two fistulated steers grazing smooth bromegrass, and allowed to incubate for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24. 48 and 72 h. While the concentrations of NDF and ADF and the percentage of potentially digestible organic matter fraction and indigestible organic matter fraction were greater, the percentage of water soluble organic matter fraction was lower in corn crop residue compared with alfalfa hay or oat/berseem clover (P<0.05). Addition of alfalfa or oat-berseem clover hay supplemented with SBM and grain corn mixture to corn crop residues linearly decreased the concentrations of NDF and ADF, and the percentage of the indigestible organic matter fraction, but increased the percentage of potentially digestible and water soluble organic matter fractions. Organic matter intake, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were significantly lower (P<0.05) in wethers fed corn crop residues alone compared with wethers fed alfalfa or oat/berseem clover hays. Addition of protein supplement sand addition of increasing levels of oat/berseem clover or alfalfa hays to corn crop residues linearly increased organic matter intake, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities of diets in wethers. The highest correlations were observed between water soluble organic matter fraction and organic matter intake (r(2) = .80), ADF and apparent total track OM digestibility (r(2)=.94), and indigestible CP fraction and true ruminal CP digestibility (r(2)=.82). It was concluded that chemical composition with ruminal degradation characteristics can provide a reliable prediction of the intake and digestibility of forage-based diets.