Browsing by Author "Kazankaya, A."

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Changes in Seed Mineral Matter Contents of Rose Hip Species Grown Naturally in Turkey
(int Soc Horticultural Science, 2015) Dogan, A.; Celik, F.; Gundogdu, M.; Kazankaya, A.; Sensoy, R. I. Gazioglu
Recently, the fruits and seeds of rose hip have an increasing potential for human nutrition and industrial aspects. Moreover, the rose hip seeds can be used as animal feed. In the present study, the seed mineral contents of different rose hip species (R. canina L., R. dumalis var. boissieri, R. iberica, R. heckeliana subsp. vanheurckiana and R. pulverulenta) were determined. The nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) contents of the investigated species varied from 19,039 to 28,076 ppm, from 553 to 1080 ppm, and from 1142 to 2945 ppm, respectively. The nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and sulphur (S) contents of the investigated species ranged from 13.5 to 190.2 ppm, from 0.35 to 4.35 ppm, from 609.5 to 1152.5 ppm, respectively. Moreover, sodium (Na), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) contents were also determined. The mineral contents of the investigated species ranked from the highest to lowest as N>K>P>S>Mg>Ca>Na>Fe>Zn>Ni>Mn>Cu>Pb.
Characteristics of Pomegranate Genotypes Grown in Cukurca-Hakkari Region of Turkey
(int Soc Horticultural Science, 2015) Kazankaya, A.; Ozatak, O. F.; Dogan, A.; Sensoy, R. I. Gazioglu; Gundogdu, M.; Encu, T.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit species in Turkey having rich diversity for pomegranate. In the present study, the fruit and tree characteristics of pomegranate genotypes grown in Cukurca-Hakkari region of Turkey were determined. In the result of this work carried out on the chosen 20 genotypes, some data can be summarized as: fruit weight ranged from 92.91 to 176.00 g; vitamin C content ranged from 30 to 50 mg/100 g; soluble solid content varied from 10.5 to 18 degrees Brix; total seed weight ranged from 52.75 to 92.50 g. The tastes of fruit were determined as sour, mildly sour, and sweet. Nine genotypes among the studied ones were found to be promising based on their superior characteristics.
Detection of Free Sugars in Almond Genotypes From Eastern and Western Turkey by Hplc
(Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2007) Balta, M. Fikret; Yoruk, I. H.; Kazankaya, A.; Battal, P.; Erez, M. E.
This study evaluated the sugar contents in almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.] genotypes, depending on their kernel sizes and kernel colours. Based on small kernel (SK) and large kernels (LK), sugar contents were compared both in sweet kernelled almond genotypes from Balikesir (western Anatolia, Turkey) and in bitter kernelled almond genotypes from Tunceli (eastern Anatolia, Turkey). Sugar contents were detected by HPLC. In all sweet and bitter LK and SK genotypes, contents of sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose did not differ statistically except for only fructose content in bitter almonds. The LK and SK sweet genotypes contained 2.14-2.79 g/100 g sucrose, 0.61-0.44 g/100 g maltose, 1.20-2.05 g/100 g glucose and 3.28-3.45 g/100 g fructose, respectively. The LK and SK bitter genotypes contained 3.08-1.80 g/100 g sucrose, 0.85-1.34 g/100 g maltose, 2.28-2.38 g/100 g glucose and 3.67-2.73 g/100 g fructose, respectively. On the other hand, sugar contents were also compared based on light coloured kernel (LCK) and dark coloured kernel (DCK) in sweet and bitter genotypes. In sweet genotypes, sucrose, maltose and glucose contents of LCK and DCK did not differ statistically. In bitter genotypes, sucrose and glucose contents of LCK and DCK differed statistically. The sweet LCK and DCK genotypes contained 2.36-2.10 g/100 g sucrose, 0.60-0.74 g/100 g maltose, 1.58-2.32 g/100 g glucose and 3.28-2.56 g/100 g fructose, respectively. The bitter LCK and DCK genotypes contained 3.73-2.05 g/100 g sucrose, 1.10-1.36 g/100 g maltose, 3.56-1.56 g/100 g glucose and 2.63-4.05 g/100 g fructose, respectively. In addition, the mean sugar was usually fructose in LK, SK, LCK and DCK.
Determination of Pomological and Biochemical Properties of Local Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Cultivars
(int Soc Horticultural Science, 2015) Gundogdu, M.; Kazankaya, A.; Muradoglu, F.; Tufenkci, S.; Encu, T.; Sensoy, R. I. Gazioglu
Pomegranate is among the important fruit species for human health and diet for centuries. It is stated in the recent studies that pomegranate is widely used for medicinal purposes, which promotes its preference. In the present study, some pomological and biochemical properties of the eighteen local pomegranate genotypes widely grown in Mardin Province of Turkey were determined. It was determined that the 'DAHL-1' local cultivar had the highest fruit weight (327.45 g) and fruit juice volume (138 ml). The seed weight, soluble solid content, and pH contents of the investigated cultivars ranged from 45.7 to 167.4 g, 10.75 to 16.75 degrees Brix, and 3.11 to 3.98, respectively. Moreover, some other criteria such as fruit juice acidity, fruit size, calyx dimension, seed hardiness, and seed size, shape index, fruit taste were also determined. In the results of analysis, the genotype 'DAHL-1' had more advantageous than the others based on the fruit attractiveness, fruit size, fruit juice volume and other criteria.
Determination of the Phenological, Pomological and Morphological Characteristics of Mulberry Species Grown in Center District of Batman Province
(Centenary University, 2020) Sümerli, S.; Kazankaya, A.
The aim of this study, carried out 2017-2018, was to determine some phenological, pomological and morphological characteristics of Morus alba L., Morus nigra L. and Morus rubra L. mulberry species grown in the central district of Batman. Phenological characteristics of genotypes; their bud burst time was 5-15 March, first flowering was 20-28 March, while full bloom was 13-30 April, the start time of harvest was 25 April-18 May, in addition, the end of harvest was 28 June-10 August and the time of defoliation was recorded as 10-20 December. The period from full bloom to harvest was determined between 85 and 100 days. Pomological characteristics of genotypes; fruit diameter was determined as 10.17-20.96 mm, fruit length was 13.30-32.60 mm, whereas stalk thickness was 0.98-1.69 mm and stalk length was 3.50-23.30 mm, fruit volume was 8-40 ml (ml/10 fruit), fruit density was 0.45-1.40 g/ml, fruit weight was 0.54-4.09 g, titratable acid (TEA) 0.27-0.11 g/100 ml, soluble solid content (SSC) %14.10-21.87 and pH was 4.79-7.76. Morphological features of the genotypes subject to research; the tree's estimated age was found to be 5-100 years, body height to be 1.5-4 m, trunk circumference 35-210 cm, crown height 4-15 m, crown width 4-12 m, whereas annual shoot length was 8.90-18.40 cm. © 2020, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
Determination of Walnuts Types (Juglans Regia L.) Grown in Bitlis
(Centenary University, 2017) Kazankaya, A.; Doğan, A.; Pıral, K.; Yavıç, A.; Encü, T.
This study was carried out in the Bitlis province between 2008-2010 in order to determine the walnuts with superior characteristics within the existing population from seed origin. The 15 promising selections were determined by taking nut samples from 80 genotypes with seed origin. In these selected genotypes. Nut weights were between 10.16-17.33 g, kernel weights were between 4.40-7.74 g, kernel ratios were between 32.50-57.47% and shell thickness were between 1.18-2.82 mm. © 2017, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
Effect of the Application of Root Cutting After Germination on the Seedling Growth in the Walnut Seeds Taken From Van Lake Basin
(Centenary University, 2016) Yaviç, A.; Doğan, A.; Kazankaya, A.; Encü, T.
This research was cunducted in production greenhouses of Yuzuncu Yıl University Agriculture Faculty Horticultural Crops Department during 2014-2015. Walnuts taken from various areas of Van Lake basin were used as research material. In order to determine the effects of the application of root cutting methods on walnut seedlings after germination three different applications were used (cutting of radicle from 5 cm, cutting of radicle from 7 cm and control). One third of the walnuts which were ripped from the rooting area after germination have been planted without cutting the radicle and planted back to the germination area. The research revealed that the seedlings from control group performed well in shoot growth while the seedlings from 7 cm radicle cut group gave better results in the parameters about root development. The research also indicated that the area that welnut seeds were taken affected the seedling performences. © 2016, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
Effects of Indole-Butyric Acid Doses, Different Rooting Media and Cutting Thicknesses on Rooting Ratios and Root Qualities of 41b, 5 Bb and 420a American Grapevine Rootstocks
(Nobel Science and Research Center, 2016) Doğan, A.; Uyak, C.; Kazankaya, A.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different rooting media [perlite, perlite+sand (1:1), perlite+sand+soil (1:1:1)], different indole butyric acid (IBA) doses (control, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm) and different cutting thicknesses [thin (4-7 mm), medium (8-10 mm) and thick (10-12 mm)] on rooting and root qualities of 41B, 5BB and 420A American grapevine rootstocks adapted to Van region of Turkey. Within the scope of the study, rooting ratios (%), number of roots, root lengths (cm) and root weights (g) were determined. The differences in rooting ratios, number of roots, root lengths and root weights of rootstocks were found to be significant (P < 0.05). Rooting ratios and root quality parameters of cuttings significantly varied with rootstocks, IBA doses, rooting media and cutting thicknesses. With regard to rooting ratios, number of roots and root weights, 5BB rootstock yielded better outcomes than 420A and 41B rootstocks. Compared to control treatment, IBA treatments increased rooting ratio, number of roots, root length and root weight of all three rootstocks. Among the rooting media, the best outcomes for rooting ratio, root length and root weight were obtained from perlite medium and the best results for number of roots were obtained from perlite+sand+soil medium. With regard to cutting thickness, thick cuttings were prominent and they were closely followed by medium ones.
Fatty Acid Composition Affected by Kernel Weight in Almond [Prunus Dulcis (Mill.) D.a.!webb.] Genetic Resources
(Academic Press inc Elsevier Science, 2007) Askin, M. A.; Balta, M. F.; Tekintas, F. E.; Kazankaya, A.; Balta, F.
Twenty-six almond [Prunus dulcis (Miller) D.A. Webb.] genotypes were selected from Elazig province located on eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in 1999 and 2001. Their fatty acid compositions were determined in relation to kernel weight and shell thickness. They had a range of 0.50-1.34 g in kernel weight, 1.96-4.66 mm in shell thickness, 16.07-31.46% in protein content and 25.19-60.77% in oil content. In addition, their kernels contained 5.46-15.78% palmitic acid, 0.36-2.52 palmitoleic acid, 0.80-3.83% stearic acid, 50.41-81.20% oleic acid and 6.21-37.13% linoleic acid. Linolenic acid in two genotypes and myristic acid in six genotypes were detected. In genotypes classified according to their kernel weights, relationships among fatty acid contents, fat content, kernel weight and shell thickness were also studied using correlation coefficients and regression analyses. Findings revealed that contents of palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid were significantly influenced by kernel weight. Contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid were negatively correlated with shell thickness, and oleic acid content was positively correlated with shell thickness. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Fruit Characteristics of Some Selected Promising Rose Hip (Rosa Spp.) Genotypes From Van Region of Turkey
(Academic Journals, 2009) Celik, F.; Kazankaya, A.; Ercisli, S.
A few temperate zone fruit species such as apples, pears, apricots and cherries dominate the fruit production in Eastern Anatolia region in Turkey, while the other species (e. g rose hip, hawthorn, sea buckthorn etc.) are less known. Native species grown in their natural ecosystems could be exploited as new foods, valuable natural compounds and derivatives. In the last few years, interest in the rose hip as a fruit crop has increased considerably due to its nutritive and health promoting values. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2006. Among 5000 natural growing rose hip plants around the Van region were examined and among them 26 genotypes were selected. Thirteen genotypes belong to Rosa canina. The fruit weight, length and width of genotypes were ranged between 1.79-4.95 g; 15.28-33.83 mm and 13.11-19.26 mm, respectively. Soluble solid content ranged from 17.73% (VRS132) to 28.45% (VRS 234). Ascorbic acid levels ranged between 517 to 1032 mg/100 ml. The phenotypically divergent genotypes identified in this study could be of much use in the future breeding program.
Fruit Features of Some Almond (Prunus Amygladus L.) Genotypes Selected From Şanlıurfa Region
(Centenary University, 2020) Polat, Y.; Kazankaya, A.
This study was performed to determine promising chance seedlings in the native almond populations of Hilvan, Bozova, Suruç and Şanlıurfa province during 2017 and 2018. Tree and fruit characteristics of seedling almond trees were identified for 102 genotypes in the first year and 43 genotypes in the second year with respect to almond selection breeding objectives. In conclusion, 21 genotypes were determined to be promising genotypes according to the weighted rating method. Flowering dates of these to promise genotypes in 2017 and 2018 were determined from March 10th to March 26th and between February 22nd and March 21st, respectively. The shell weight of them changed between 2.31 g and 6.84 g. Kernel weight of selected 21 promising almonds changed between 0.74-1.34 g, kernel rate between % 18.21-41.26, skin thickness 2.23-3.48 mm, double and twin kernel rate was % 0 and safe kernel rate between percent 60.00-100 In terms of fruit shape, one of the genotypes was an ellipse, other 18 genotypes were long and oval and the remaining 2 genotypes were heart-shaped. The kernel color was determined as light colored in one genotype, the remaining 7 genotypes were medium light colored, 11 genotypes were dark colored and rest of genotype were too dark. © 2020, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
Fruit Properties of Rose Hip Species Grown in Lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia Region)
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2006) Dogan, A.; Kazankaya, A.
In this study, some chemical and technological fruit attributes of rose hip species grown in the Lake Van Basin (Eastern Anatolia Region) were studied. Attributes such as fruit and stone length, width (mm) and weight (g), fruit flesh ratio (%), the water-soluble extracts (%), pH, titretable acidity (%) and dry matter content (%) were evaluated. Evaluated fruit attributes of the rose hip genotypes were significantly different from each others (p<0.05). Fruit weights were between 1.50 and 3.74 g. Rosa dumalis (Rd) has the heaviest average fruit weight of 3.11 g. However, this genotype has the lightest flesh ratio (57.2%) because of the highest stone weight. Fruit shape index were between 1.06 and 2.12. The rose hip samples had a range of 11-25% for water-soluble extract, 3.95-4.57 for pH, 0.35-1.14 for titretable acidity and 34.34-66.70 for dry matter content. Rosa foitida and Rosa pisiformis has the highest water-soluble extract of 20.54 and 20.33, respectively. Variations in water-soluble extract are of great importance. Chemical and technological values of the investigated rose hip species showed a similarity to that studied from other native rose hip populations earlier. © 2006 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Selections From Southeastern Turkey
(Asian Journal of Chemistry, 2007) Kazankaya, A.; Gundogdu, M.; Dogan, A.; Balta, M. Fikret; Celik, F.
This paper deals with desirable physico-chemical characteristics of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) genetic resources of Siirt province (southeastern Anatolia, Turkey) during 2002 and 2004. Twenty five genotypes were selected as promising in the existing population of pomegranate and they were described with respect to fruit attributes in order to conserve valuable native germplasm of pomegranate and to identify them for future breeding efforts. Genotypes averagely had a range of 234-332 g for fruit weight, 76-83 mm for fruit diameter, 68-81 mm for fruit length, 217-333 cm(3) for fruit volume, 0.86-1.31 fruit density (g/cm(3)), 0.87-1.00 for fruit shape index, 19.1-21.9 mm for calyx high, 12.9-16.0 mm for calyx diameter, 86-120 mL for fruit juice volume, 37.4-45.7 g for total seed weight, 52.3-62.5 % for seed percentage, 20-66 % for pink coloured skin percentage, 2.5-3.7 mm for skin thickness, 17-22 % for soluble solids, 3.2-3.8 for pH, 0.7-1.0 % for acidity and 18-76 mg/100 g for vitamin C. Fruits of genotypes contained a range of 168-672 ppm in N, 72-301 ppm in P, 856-4423 ppm in K, 10-93 ppm in Na, 38-74 ppm in Ca, 39-98 ppm in Mg, 1.5-9.2 ppm in Fe, 1.8-9.6 ppm in Zn, 0.1-4.4 ppm in Mn and 0.5-4.2 ppm in Cu. In addition, they had easy separated seeds. Their seed hardness was hard, soft, semi-hard and seed colours were pink, light-pink and red.
Pomological Definition of Native Walnuts (Juglans Regia L.) Grown in Centrral Bitlis
(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2007) Fikret Balta, M.; Dogan, A.; Kazankaya, A.; Ozrenk, K.; Celik, F.
In this research conducted in native walnut population during 2003-2004 years in Bitlis, 17 walnut genotype having kernel weight over 5 g were selected and pomologically defined. Selected genotypes were determined to have a range of 32.90-41.22 mm for nut width, 29.96-38.32 mm for nut thickness, 32.14-36-86 mm for nut length, 10.94-17.20 g for nut weight, 5.48-8-50 g for kernel weight, 41.63-51.92% for kernel percentage and 1.22-1.98 mm for shell thickness. The kernel fullness of all genotypes except for one was good, kernel rottenness was not run into all genotypes. In addition, kernel colors of genotypes were light, dark, yellow and extreme dark. Findings pointed out that Central Bitlis district had valuable walnut genetic resources. © 2007 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
The Production, Foreign Trade and Competition Power of Walnuts in Turkey
(Centenary University, 2019) Güvenç, İ.; Kazankaya, A.
In this study, it was evaluated the production, foreign trade and competition power of walnuts with shell, which has a significant value in Turkey. According to 2017 data, it was produced more than 210 thousand tons of walnuts in Turkey. Turkey has 5.2% of production of walnuts with shell in the world. National self-sufficiency of walnut production in Turkey decreased from 93.9% in 2000 to 76.7% in 2017. In recent years, total walnut exports and imports in Turkey are respectively 8.1 and 66.01 thousand tons. Thus Turkey is to provide a portion of the walnut needs through imports, and Turkey has a deficit of foreign trade in walnut. While Turkey's competitiveness (comparative advantages) in walnut was moderate during the period 2012-2015, it has been determined not to have an advantage in 2016. Besides, it is possible to increase production, qualification, and competitiveness in export by means of the measures taken in walnut sector. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
Seasonal Changes in Cambial Activity in Rosa Canina
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2005) Türker, M.; Yörük, I.; Battal, P.; Kazankaya, A.; Tileklioǧlu, B.
In the present study, cambial activity and the differentiation of phloem and xylem was studied in plants of Rosa canina L. growing in the Van province, Turkey. This species belongs to the dogroses, which are frequently harvested for their fruits (rose hips). The cambial zone was up to three cells wide. Cambial activity started in the third week of April. Summer wood formation was observed toward the end of May. The mean length and width of cambium cells during spring wood formation was 15.06 μm and 2.70 μm, respectively. During the summer wood formation, length and width was 14.16 μm and 3.16 μm, respectively. In spring wood, the lumen diameter of the biggest vessel was 54.41 μm, whereas the smallest one was 9.58 μm. The equivalent measurements in summer wood yielded 44.16 μm and 9.58 μm, respectively. The mean cell wall thickness of vessels and tracheids in spring wood was 1.87 μm and 3.33 μm, respectively, and 2.08 μm and 5.41 μm in summer wood. Cambial activity ceased toward the end of July. © ISHS 2005.
Seasonal Changes of Endogenous Plant Hormones in Rosa Canina
(International Society for Horticultural Science, 2005) Yörük, I.; Türker, M.; Battal, P.; Kazankaya, A.; Tileklioǧlu, B.
Seasonal changes of gibberellins (GAs), the cytokinin trans-zeatin (t-Z), the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in Rosa canina L. were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of GAs increased during the period of rapid growth in April and May, and coincided with the time of the increase in t-Z concentration. The concentration of IAA decreased slightly from January until March, increased strongly in April and then decreased again after the cessation of rapid growth. The concentration of ABA decreased steadily from January to May, followed by a slight increase which became most notable during the fruiting period, reaching a peak in January. © ISHS 2005.
Seed Oil Profiles of Five Rose Hip Species (Rosa Spp.) From Hakkari, Turkey
(Wfl Publ, 2010) Celik, F.; Balta, F.; Ercisli, S.; Kazankaya, A.; Javidipour, I.
The seed oil of rose hip is mainly used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes. This study deals with detecting the seed oil contents of five rose hip species growing in Hakkari, Eastern Turkey. By GC, seed oil contents were determined as 4.97% for Rosa canina, 5.26% for Rosa dumalis var. boissieri, 6.59% for Rosa pulverulanta, 5.44% for Rosa iberica, and 7.95% for Rosa heckeliana subsp. vanheurckiana. Seeds contained 4.25-5.15% of palmitic acid, 0.22-0.89% of palmitoleic acid, 1.80-2.43% of stearic acid, 20.35-23.03% of oleic acid, 41.14-51.06% of linoleic acid, 19.66-23.83% of linolenic acid, and 0.94-1.29% of arachidic acid depending on the species. The contents of saturated fatty acid were between 7.39% (Rosa heckeliana subsp. vanheurciana) and 8.84% (Rosa dumalis var. boissieri). The contents of unsaturated fatty acids ranged from 83.28% (Rosa dumalis var. boissieri) to 91.57% (Rosa heckeliana subsp. vanheurciana). The oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were major fatty acids in all rose hip species.
Selection of Almonds (P. Amygdalus L.) Naturally Grown in Eğil and Ergani Towns in Diyarbakır Province
(Centenary University, 2018) Acar, S.; Kazankaya, A.; Doğan, A.
This study was carried out to determine especially late flowering and superior quality genotypes in naturally self-grown almonds population around Eğil and Ergani (Diyarbakır) districts between 2010 and 2012.In line with this objective, 80 genotypes were determined in accordance with the purposes of breeding. 12 promising genotypes having superior characters were selected using weighted ranked method at the end of the study. In this study, full flowering of promising genotypes was observed between the second and third week of March in 2011 and 2012.The fruit weight with shell, kernel weight, kernel ratio, shell thickness, double kernel ratio, twin kernel ratio and healthy kernel ratio of promising genotypes were ranged from 4.67 (21-ER-75)-9.30 (21-EĞ-17) g, 1.02 (21-ER-80) – 1.40 (21-EĞ-04) g, 19.31% (21-ER-71) – 26.66% (21-EĞ-17), 3.08 (21-ER-75)-4.94 (21-EĞ-17) mm, 0.00% – 10.00%, 0.00%, 95.00%-100.00%, respectively. © 2018, Centenary University. All rights reserved.
The Selection of Indigenous Almonds To (P. Amygladus L.) Midyat and Savur District
(Centenary University, 2017) Kazankaya, A.; Doğan, A.; Çelik, K.
This study was carried out between 2012-2014 with the aim of determining late flowering and high quality genotypes among natural almond population grown in Midyat and Savur (Mardin Province). And Ninety-seven genotypes were examined in this study. In conclusion, 13 genotype were determined promising according to weighted rating method. 2013 and 2014 flowering dates of these promising genotypes are March 22-25 and march 13-16, respectively. Shell weight of promising genotypes ranged between 3.52 g (47-MRD-28) and 6.70 g (47-MRD-13) was determined. Kernel weight of selected 13 promising almonds ranged between 0.80 (47-MRD-28)-1.26 g (47-MRD-43), kernel rate between %17.51 (47-MRD-54) - %22.63 (47-MRD-28), skin thickness 2.97 (47-MRD-28)-3.79 mm (47-MRD-13), double kernel rate between %0.00-23.00, twin kernel rate was %0.00 and safe kernel rate between %60.00-100.00. © 2017, Centenary University. All rights reserved.