Browsing by Author "Kipcak, Firat"

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Effect of Adobe Wall Shapes and Openings on Out-Of Behavior
(Elsevier Science inc, 2025) Kipcak, Firat; Erdil, Baris
Adobe masonry structures which are among the traditional structures, are affected by many parameters like other masonry structures. These parameters include material, workmanship, mortar, support condition, wall direction, wall slenderness and opening properties. Those parameters are important because they affect the seismic performance significantly. There are many studies in the literature considering the in-plane behavior of masonry walls; however, it has been observed after many earthquakes that most of the adobe walls collapse due to out-of-plane displacements. In order to understand the out-of-plane behavior well, this study aims to experimentally and numerically investigate the out-of-plane behavior of adobe walls having different configurations such as wall aspect ratio, wall shape and openings. The failure mechanisms, horizontal load capacity ratios and failure profiles were evaluated. In the study, a total of 18 different wall models were produced: 6 U-shaped walls with two-side support walls, 6 L-shaped walls with one-side support walls and 6 I-shaped walls without support walls. All the walls were tested on a tilting table. They were also analyzed by simplified micro modeling technique in ABAQUS software. The adobe walls were constructed in the form of interlocking pattern according to the traditional pattern. A clay and fiber mixed mortar with the same properties as the unit was used between the adobe units. According to the experimental and numerical results, it was observed that the support walls in adobe walls increased the out-of-plane wall stiffness and lateral load capacity ratio. As the wall aspect ratio increased, the lateral load capacity decreased in the models with support walls and increased in the models without support walls. Increasing wall length decreased the effectiveness of the supporting wall. Door/window openings left in the wall did not adversely affect the capacity to a great extent. The lateral load capacity/weight ratio changed slightly due to the weight reduction of the openings. The capacities and failure mechanisms obtained from the experimental and numerical studies were found to be similar.
The Effect of Voids on Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Slabs
(Budapest Univ Technology Economics, 2023) Kipcak, Firat; Erdil, Baris; Tapan, Mucip; Karasin, Abdulhalim
The voided reinforced concrete slab system is mainly produced with polyester foam placed mostly at the bottom of the slab. The aim of the voids is to reduce the weight of the slab. In this paper behavior of the voided reinforced concrete slabs in which voids placed at the mid-height of the slab cross-section, is examined analytically. A series of models were created to come up with a lightweight slab. Two distinct slab models were analyzed using the ABAQUS software. In the first group, slabs had three layers, in which bottom and top layers were of solid reinforced concrete, but the mid layer was of voided unreinforced concrete. In the second layer, in order to increase the contact between top and bottom layers of the slab, crossties were utilized, and the mid layer was reinforced accordingly. Since all the layers were 5 cm thick, the total thickness of the slabs were 15 cm. Slabs were 100 cm wide and 200 cm long. They were simulated the three-point bending test. Concrete damaged plasticity material model (CDPM) for concrete and elastoplastic material model for steel was selected. From the results it was found that moment capacity decreased with the increase in the volume of the voids. There was a sudden decrease in strength after reaching the yield strength in voided slab without a crosstie. In addition, crossties enabled the reduction of the weight of the slabs without significant decrease in moment capacity.
Out-Of Behavior of Dry-Stack Brick Masonry Walls
(Wiley, 2024) Erdil, Baris; Kipcak, Firat; Tapan, Muecip
As a result of the combination of the complex behavior of masonry buildings with insufficient material quality and lack in engineering calculations, a large number of damages has been observed in the earthquakes that occurred in recent years. Therefore, a realistic understanding of the behavior of masonry walls and buildings is necessary to construct seismic-resistant structures. Since masonry walls have many variables, performing experiments in which each variable is present at the same time will make it difficult to understand the behavior. For these reasons, considering the out-of-plane failures that are frequently mentioned in recent earthquakes, in this study, variables in dry-stack brick masonry buildings such as the aspect ratio of the wall (2, 1.33, and 1), the presence of the transverse walls (2, 1, and 0), and the openings in the walls (door and/or window) were taken into account separately. Eighteen different wall configurations were designed, and a total of 48 dry-stack walls having U-shape, L-shape, and I-shape in plan were tested by a specially constructed tilting table setup to determine their out-of-plane behavior. From the test results, it was found that lateral load capacity of the U-shaped walls without openings increased as the aspect ratio (L/H) decreased. No change in capacity was observed in L- and I-shaped walls when the aspect ratio was reduced from 2 to 1. Door and/or window openings were found to affect only the L-shaped walls. In addition, it was determined that failure patterns were affected from the aspect ratio and the presence of the openings.