Browsing by Author "Senoglu, B."
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Article An Empirical Research Study on Prospect–refuge Theory and the Effect of High-Rise Buildings in a Japanese Garden Setting(Springer, 2018) Senoglu, B.; Oktay, H.E.; Kinoshita, I.This study was carried out to test prospect–refuge theory and the effect of external high-rise buildings on landscape preferences in a traditional Japanese daimyo (feudal lords) garden, namely, the Hama-rikyu Gardens located in Tokyo, Japan. Eight sites in the garden were selected to be tested with respect to their degree of openness, their degree of safety, and the ratio of background buildings present. An in situ survey was conducted with 129 people (15–18 per site) who agreed to take part in the survey. Subjects were asked to assess the view at each site in the direction indicated by a sign and to provide responses about (a) their general preference for the view, (b) their perception of the openness of the view, (c) their perception of the safety of the site, (d) their perception of the pleasantness of/disturbance from the background buildings. The results indicated that predefined open-protected sites were more preferred than the others; prospect (perceived openness) was an important indicator of the preferences, whereas the refuge-related symbols (perceived safety) of the garden were not perceived differently between the sites; the ratio of background buildings did not have a significant effect on either landscape preferences or perceived prospect–refuge attributes, whereas the perceived pleasantness of/disturbance from background buildings significantly affected the overall landscape preferences. The results indicated that the design techniques of Japanese daimyo gardens, including the usage of the Shakkei (borrowed scenery) technique, might reveal the principles of prospect–refuge theory. Furthermore, the effect of the surrounding buildings is considered to be a subjective aspect that depends on observers’ experiences and attitudes, rather than an objective one. © 2018, The Author(s).Article On the Maximization of the Likelihood for the Generalized Gamma Distribution: the Modified Maximum Likelihood Approach(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Arslan, T.; Acitas, S.; Senoglu, B.Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of parameters of the generalized gamma (GG) distribution has been considered in several papers, and some of them stated that the ML estimation has some computational difficulties. Therefore, different approaches including numerical methods have been proposed for the ML estimation of parameters of the GG distribution. However, it is known that using numerical methods may have some drawbacks, e.g., non-convergence of iterations, multiple roots, and convergence to the wrong root. In this study, we rehabilitate the ML procedure via the modified ML (MML) methodology and obtain the likelihood equations in which two of them have explicit solutions, and the remaining one should be solved numerically. Since the MML methodology explicitly solves two of three likelihood equations, the mentioned drawbacks are alleviated. We also propose a simple algorithm to obtain the estimates of the parameters of the GG distribution. Then, the GG distribution is used for modeling the real data sets, and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarby–Shanno (BFGS) and Nelder–Mead (NM) algorithms. The results show that the proposed algorithm is preferable to the BFGS and NM algorithms in terms of computational sense when considering the GG distribution. © The Author(s) 2025.Article Visitors' Perception of High-Rise Building Effect on the Scenery of Traditional Gardens: a Case Study in Hama-Rikyu Gardens, Tokyo(Horizon Research Publishing, 2018) Senoglu, B.; Ekin Oktay, H.; Kinoshita, I.This study was carried out in a traditional Japanese garden namely Hama-rikyu Gardens which is one of the important heritage sites in Tokyo city. Hama-rikyu Gardens is a stroll type garden (kaiyu-shiki teien) which was originally designed to have borrowed sceneries (Shakkei) of nature elements in its surroundings. However, with the urbanization phenomena in the last decades, modern high-rise buildings have surrounded the garden and entered the garden’s scenery which became a problem from the viewpoint of heritage garden preservation. Thereby, this study aimed to investigate the visual effect of external high-rise building views on the garden’s scenery in visitors’ perception. To achieve this aim, an in-situ survey was conducted among the visitors of Hama-rikyu Gardens by using a questionnaire with a range of questions to assess the external building sceneries. The results indicated that evaluation of the garden scenery as a whole was highly positive while the buildings in the garden sceneries were not liked, and they were perceived as disturbing. Furthermore, the negative effect of the buildings increased in the observation points where Shakkei (borrowed scenery) experience could be expected. ©2018 by authors, all rights reserved.