Browsing by Author "Soner, Omer"

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Application of Fuzzy Dematel Method for Analysing of Accidents in Enclosed Spaces Onboard Ships
(Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, 2021) Soner, Omer
The present study provides a robust and systematic approach for the analysis of accidents in enclosed spaces onboard ships. An enclosed space is considered a hazardous working environment since its atmosphere contains substances harmful to health. Despite improvements in safety standards, accidents in enclosed spaces remain a major concern for the shipping industry today. Therefore, this paper analyses accidents to identify the factors causing them. The study makes use of a fuzzy DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) method to evaluate causal factors which can be mitigated through the adoption of certain measures. The study focuses on 101 enclosed space accidents/incidents, which have led to 93 deaths and 96 injuries, and determines their causal factors. The study findings emphasize the fact that human error and weaknesses in organizational factors are primarily responsible for accidents in enclosed spaces. Accordingly, effective control measures have been identified which can prevent accidents and enhance the safety and sustainability of the shipping industry. This study overall makes a contribution to safety management in the shipping industry.
Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of Vdr
(Cambridge Univ Press, 2023) Soner, Omer; Kayisoglu, Gizem; Bolat, Pelin; Tam, Kimberly
The voyage data recorder (VDR) is a data recording system that aims to provide all navigational, positional, communicational, sensor, control and command information for data-driven investigation of accidents onboard ships. Due to the increasing dependence on interconnected networks, cybersecurity threats are one of the most severe issues and critical problems when it comes to safeguarding sensitive information and assets. Cybersecurity issues are extremely important for the VDR, considering that modern VDRs may have internet connections for data transfer, network links to the ship's critical systems and the capacity to record potentially sensitive data. Thus, this research adopted failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to perform a cybersecurity risk assessment of a VDR in order to identify cyber vulnerabilities and specific cyberattacks that might be launched against the VDR. The findings of the study indicate certain cyberattacks (false information, command injection, viruses) as well as specific VDR components (data acquisition unit (DAU), remote access, playback software) that required special attention. Accordingly, preventative and control measures to improve VDR cybersecurity have been discussed in detail. This research makes a contribution significantly to the improvement of ship safety management systems, particularly in terms of cybersecurity.
Deniz Emniyetini Arttırmak için Kontrol Hiyerarşisinin Kullanılması: Gemilerde Sıcak Çalışma Örneği
(2022) Soner, Omer; Kandemir, Cagatay
Sıcak iş, gemilerde birçok kazaya neden olan tehlikeli bir süreç olarak kabul edilir. Bu nedenle, sıcak iş eylemlerinin gerçek riskleri, gemilerdeki diğer tehlikeli işlemler gibi değerlendirilir. Bu nedenle, değerlendirilen tüm tehlikeler, sağlam ve sistematik tehlike tanımlama ve kümeleme sistemi ile ortadan kaldırılabilir. Bu bağlamda, gemilerde yapılan sıcak iş faaliyetlerinde güvenlik ve sağlık konularında farkındalık yaratmak amacıyla önleyici bir çalışma yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, önleyici kontrol önlemlerini daha etkin bir şekilde geliştirmek için gemiye özgü tehlikeleri, tehlike kaynaklarını ve tehlikeli ortamları belirlemek için kontroller hiyerarşisi uygulanmaktadır. Hiyerarşinin bileşenlerine dayalı olarak, eleme, ikame, mühendislik kontrolleri, idari kontroller ve kişisel koruyucu ekipman dahil olmak üzere kontrol önlemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu nedenle, hiyerarşik bir perspektiften gemilerde sıcak iş tehlikeleri için uygulanabilir ve etkili kontrol önlemlerinin uygulanmasını sağlar.
An Evaluation of Students' Cybersecurity Awareness in the Maritime Industry
(2023) Karaca, İsmail; Soner, Omer
Maritime operations have now become faster, safer, and more secure than before, as technological changes in the maritime industry have increased significantly over the past decade. However, no matter how advanced the technology is, removing the human variable from maritime operations is still impossible. Cybersecurity is one of the primary concepts that both enhance human adaptation to technology and reduce risk within the maritime industry. Training and raising situational awareness of maritime cybersecurity are the most basic of many defences to reduce vulnerabilities resulting from human beings not adopting technological changes. Therefore, this study proposes that maritime students’ cybersecurity awareness should be investigated. For this purpose, a questionnaire is used, including 3 attitude scales. This is presented and applied to a sample group including 168 participants representing the population. This evaluation of students’ cybersecurity awareness is aimed to provide taking the first steps to raise cybersecurity awareness in the maritime industry. In this study after a comprehensive investigation, quite striking findings have been obtained regarding awareness of maritime students' cyber security, and suggestions are made to increase students’ cybersecurity awareness in the maritime industry.
Funding Sustainable Shipping: a Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Approach To the Poseidon Principles
(Pergamon–Elsevier Science Ltd, 2025) Soner, Omer
The shipping industry is a major contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, posing a significant challenge to achieving the International Maritime Organization's 2050 decarbonization targets. The Poseidon Principles provide a framework for financial institutions to align their portfolios with these climate goals, using metrics like the Annual Efficiency Ratio and Carbon Intensity Indicator. However, misalignments between these climate metrics and financial systems create barriers to accessing capital, hindering investments in low-carbon technologies. This study applies Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping to examine the complex relationships between environmental performance, regulatory compliance, and financial accessibility in the maritime industry. The Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping model identifies key leverage points for improving access to capital, such as enhancing energy efficiency, adopting innovative technologies, and fostering policy interventions like carbon pricing. Simulations analyses provide actionable insights, offering a comprehensive framework for overcoming funding challenges and supporting sustainable, lowcarbon maritime transportation.
A Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (Bwm) To Assess the Potential Environmental Impacts of the Process of Ship Recycling
(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Soner, Omer; Celik, Erkan; Akyuz, Emre
The marine environment has been under threat due to the residues and pollution created during the ship recycling process. Materials contained in ship structure or equipment are the main concern that causes pollution of soil, air, marine, and freshwater resources at the ship recycling process. Accordingly, chemical and biological contaminants that may be released to the environment are the main elements of the ship recycling process. The emphasis of this research is therefore on the assessment of materials found in the ship structure or equipment of hazardous materials. To do so, this paper has applied the best-worth method (BWM) using fuzzy sets. The sets are based on surveys and questionnaires answered by industry experts. The findings of the research show that H4 (heavy metal residues) (H6) (polychlorinated organic compounds (PCBs), tin compound tributyltin (TBT), and asbestos (H3) are the most hazardous materials. Therefore, the study results also have the potential to assist professionals, policymakers, and regulatory authorities in the successful handling of hazardous materials that may release into the environment during the recycling process of ships. Consequently, the research provides a robust analytical model to assess the actual hazardous materials for the prevention and control of environmental pollution.
A Human Reliability Assessment Through Enclosed Space Entry Operation Onboard Ships
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2021) Soner, Omer; Celik, Metin
An enclosed space poses a serious risk to workers since its atmosphere can be oxygen-deficient, polluted or contain flammable and/or toxic gases or vapours. Hence, it is important to keep in mind that an enclosed space should not be entered unless it is absolutely necessary. However, many processes often need the worker to be present in an enclosed space. At this point, great attention should be paid to create and maintain safe working conditions, when entering enclosed space is required. Even though studies have investigated several aspects of enclosed space entry, further research is required to explore the human element role. This is urgently needed, considering that human errors are one of the main reasons for enclosed space entry accidents. Hence, this study has investigated the human element role during an enclosed space entry operation via the enhanced SOHRA method. Three scenarios have been developed to assess HEP values. Beyond that, systematic control measure assignment is provided to reduce HEP values. Hierarchy of control measures are considered to improve entering enclosed space operational safety. Elimination (drone-assisted survey), substitution (IoT), engineering (permit control system-PCS), and administrative control measures (electronic permit) have been proposed. Further, this study results can also provide useful insight for other industries (petrochemical, oil, refinery, gas, agriculture, construction etc.), where the accidents in enclosed spaces taking place. Therefore, the study provides not only a theoretical insight but also practical application to improve the safety of seafarers.
An Investigation of Ransomware Incidents in the Maritime Industry: Exploring the Key Risk Factors
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2024) Soner, Omer; Kayisoglu, Gizem; Bolat, Pelin; Tam, Kimberly
Ransomware is a subset of malicious cyberattacks that aim to hold an organization's data or critical infrastructure at ransom, compromising or blocking access. If the attack is public or made public after the initial attack, it can also severely jeopardize an organization's reputation. Given the direct and immediate impact ransomware attacks can have and the lack of in-depth sharing, additional research is needed to analyze ransomware incidents in order to understand the underlying causes of incidents in addition to the detection and prevention methods. In this paper, 22 public ransomware incidents within the marine industry have been investigated to determine their causal factors and commonalities. To investigate causal factors, DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) and a fuzzy set are used in order to enable an organization to better adhere to operational requirements and cyber risk management strategies to increase cyber resilience against ransomware incidents. The study's findings highlight the fact that network layer cyber security mitigations, strategies for securely utilizing RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) protocols, and investments in operating systems (OS) and software security are essential components of preventing future ransomware incidents. This study concludes by suggesting several suitable control and preventative measures to improve system safety.
İstanbul Boğazı Gemi Boğaz Geçişi Kuyruk Teorisi Uygulaması ve Süreç Optimizasyonu
(2022) Karaca, İsmail; Soner, Omer; Arslan, Ozcan
Dünya ekonomisi içerisinde deniz ulaşımının büyük etkisi olduğu yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Deniz ulaşımı için gemiler ve limanlar kadar dar su yolları da önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda dar su yollarının da dünya ekonomisi içerisinde etkili olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. İstanbul Boğazı dünya ekonomisi için etken rol oynayan dar su yollarının en önemlilerindendir. Her dar su yolunda olduğu gibi İstanbul Boğazı’nda da beklemeler oluşabilmekte, meydana gelen beklemeler dünya ekonomisini etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma ile İstanbul Boğazı gemi bekleme kuyruklarının mevcut durumu yasal mevzuat çerçevesinde değerlendirilmektedir. Güncel mevzuat göz önünde bulundurularak İstanbul Boğazı gemi geçişi için bir kuyruk modellemesi tasarlanmakta, 2020 yılı gemi geçiş verileri tanımlayıcı analizleri ile sürecin değerlendirilmesi sağlanmaktadır. Tasarlanan modelleme 2020 yılı gemi geçiş verileri ile kıyaslanarak mevcut durum ortaya konulmaktadır. Makalede bekleme kuyruklarının önüne geçmek amacıyla önerilerde bulunulmakta İstanbul Boğazı gemi geçişi için süreç optimizasyonu gerçekleştirilmektedir. Böylelikle İstanbul Boğazı deniz trafiği süreçlerinin optimizasyonunu sağlamak hedefinde dünya ekonomisine katkı sağlayacağı öngörülen önerilerde bulunmak amaçlanmaktadır.
Meteorological Risk Assessment Based on Fuzzy Logic Systems for Maritime
(Galenos Publ House, 2022) Karaca, Ismail; Soner, Omer; Saracoglu, Ridvan
In recent years, numerous casualties have been associated with a lack of safe navigation of ships. Despite advanced navigation systems and the implementation of safety management systems onboard ships, maritime safety is still one of the major concerns for the shipping industry. This research proposes a proactive modeling approach that utilizes Fuzzy Logic and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems (ANFIS). The model primarily provides continuous meteorological risk assessment for ships to improve marine navigational safety. In the study, Wind Speed, Sea Conditions, Visibility, and Day/Night Ratio are converted to meteorological risk factors using meteorological risk assessment system. Supported by ANFIS, the meteorological risk assessment system has demonstrated that the database contains details of over 180 marine casualty information involving navigation and traffic accidents. The results emphasize that environmental factors, as well as the Day/Night Ratio, significantly influence ship navigational safety. Hence, a meteorological risk assessment system can enhance navigational safety and prevent loss of life in the shipping industry. As a result, a meteorological risk assessment framework has enormous potential for preventing accidents and improving the safety and sustainability of the shipping industry. In this regard, the proposed model is a one-of-a-kind framework that will be extremely useful for mitigating and preventing the effects of maritime accidents.
Proposing the Future Skill Requirements for Maritime Cyber Security
(Springer London Ltd, 2024) Soner, Omer; Kandemir, Cagatay
In maritime transportation, many onboard ships operations have been digitalized. The usage and implementation of information systems has offered new opportunities while also introducing new types of risk. Cyber security is one of the most significant challenges that maritime information systems have faced. These most recent changes and technological developments necessitate the identification of new competencies and skillsets in order for seafarers to take steps to protect themselves and the assets they are responsible for against the consequences of cyber-attacks. The present study is aimed at determining the future skill requirements for maritime cyber security to fulfill the inconsistencies between current and actual marine transportation demands. In the paper, the skill requirements for cyber security are comprehensively analyzed in terms of information and operational technology implementations and their regulatory requirements. The AHP technique is then used to establish the priorities of three categories as well as the skills within each category. Considering the strong relations between seafarer training and maritime safety, determining future skill requirements will improve overall maritime safety and security. Therefore, the present study contributes to a great extent, not just to maritime safety literature but also to the maritime industry.
Risk Sensitivity Analysis of Ais Cyber Security Through Maritime Cyber Regulatory Frameworks
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Soner, Omer; Kayisoglu, Gizem; Bolat, Pelin; Tam, Kimberly
Given the increasing frequency and sophistication of methods and strategies employed in cyberattacks, cyber resilience has become a basic notion of cyber risk management. To be cyber-resilient against cyber risks, shipping companies must be proactive in establishing and implementing actions, constructing effective strategies, and adopting mitigation methods to strengthen their assets. However, shipping companies have only lately tended to fully recognize the necessity for a cybersecurity perspective to enable effective cyber risk management and mitigation of increasing cyberattacks. Aside from deficiencies in system design, integration, or maintenance, human factors are the prime weakness that potentially jeopardizes the ship's cybersecurity by simply making intentional or unintentional errors, revealing critical information, or generating entry points for attackers. Therefore, the current study aims to conduct a quantitative human risk assessment based on the SOHRA method, which is integrated with the NIST cybersecurity framework, to provide ships with the ability to be cyber resilient, and respond to and recover from cyber-attacks. The AIS has been considered for the research application not only because it is one of the most vulnerable systems on board a ship, but also because modifying and breaching the AIS data might have disastrous outcomes. The study results clearly indicate that the most likely error related to AIS cybersecurity risk occurs in the tasks defined under the "protect", "respond", "detect", "identify", and "recover" functions. Accordingly, suitable control and preventative measures have been developed to guarantee high-level cyber security for AIS and to provide cyber resilience and the structure for constructive decision-making by integrating various international standards, which include system security requirements and security levels for industrial communication networks, specifically with the IACS and NIST framework for the AIS cyber security.
Van Gölü'nde Sürdürülebilir Ulaşım için Stratejik Analiz
(2023) Karaca, İsmail; Soner, Omer
Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri'nin (SKH'ler), tüm ekonomilerin/sektörlerin daha müreffeh ve çevre dostu bir geleceğe doğru çalışması için kapsamlı bir çerçeve sunması amaçlanıyor. Çoğu SKH'ye ulaşmak için deniz taşımacılığı ve İç Su Yolu Taşımacılığı gibi alt sektörlere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu nedenle, denizcilik endüstrisinin, alt sektörlerinin ve bilimsel araştırmaların SKH başarısına nasıl katkıda bulunduğu konusunda farkındalık yaratılmalıdır. Bu çalışma, engelleri doğru bir şekilde belirleyerek ve olası ve mevcut sorunları keşfederek Van Gölü'nün SKH'lere katkısını daha da güçlendirecek girişimler için geniş bir bakış açısı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca, Van Gölü ve çevresi son dönemde “Doğal sit, sürdürülebilir koruma ve yönetilen alan” ilan edildiğinden, iklim değişikliği etkilerinin azaltılmasına yönelik alınan önlemlerin yanı sıra bölgenin uygun bir şekilde korunması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada stratejik analiz olarak en iyi bilinen ve en temel yaklaşımlardan biri olan Güçlü Yönler, Zayıf Yönler, Fırsatlar ve Tehditler (SWOT) analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, hem işbirlikçi bağlantılar kurmak için paydaşlar arasındaki iletişimi geliştirmenin önemi hem de SKH’leri düzenleyici ve politika planlayan, yenilikçi bir altyapı planlama ve yatırım çözümlerine entegre etmenin yeni yollarını geliştirmenin önemi vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Van Gölü'ndeki IWT faaliyetlerinin SWOT analizi yapılmış Van Gölü’nün sürdürülebilir deniz ulaşımı konusunda güçlü ve zayıf yönleri, dikkate değer fırsatları ve muhtemel tehditleri ifade edilmektedir.