Browsing by Author "Surai, Peter F."

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Antioxidant Systems in Chick Embryo Development. Part 1. Vitamin E, Carotenoids and Selenium
(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2016) Surai, Peter F.; Fisinin, Vladimir I.; Karadas, Filiz
Chick viability is known to be an important factor determining profitability of the poultry industry. Chick embryo tissues contain a high proportion of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lipid fraction and therefore need antioxidant defence. The antioxidant system of the developing embryo and newly hatched chick includes the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase), water-soluble antioxidants (ascorbic acid, taurine, carnitine, glutathione, etc.), fat-soluble antioxidants (vitamin E, carotenoids, coenzyme Q) as well as selenium (Se). In fact, the high levels of endogenous antioxidants within the egg and embryonic tissues can clearly serve as a major adaptive mechanism for the protection of the tissue during the oxidative stress experienced at hatching. It has been shown that among different nutrients in the maternal diet which could significantly affect chick embryo development and their viability in the early posthatch life, natural antioxidants have been suggested to play a central role. Our data indicate that increased supplementation of the maternal diet can substantially increase concentrations of vitamin E, carotenoids (especially canthaxanthin) and Se in developing chick tissues and significantly decrease susceptibility to lipid peroxidation being effective nutritional tools to deal with various commercial stresses in poultry production. (C) 2016, Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Production and hosting by Elsevier B. V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Changes in Broiler Chick Tissue Concentrations of Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants Immediately Post-Hatch
(Elsevier Science inc, 2011) Karadas, Filiz; Surai, Peter F.; Sparks, Nicholas H. C.
The antioxidant protection of the chicken (Gallus gallus) embryo during incubation and early postnatal development plays an important role in chick viability. To assess the antioxidant capacity of the newly hatched chick, we determined the concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E, carotenoids and coenzyme Q(10) in the major tissues of chicks which had been held in an incubator for up to 36 h post-hatch. Concentrations of total carotenoids and free retinol and retinol esters in the tissues did not differ significantly over the 36 h period post-hatch (p > 0.05). In contrast concentrations of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and alpha-tocotrienol and gamma-tocotrienol) in various tissues (liver, heart, brain and leg muscle) decreased significantly in chicks that had been held in the incubator for 36 h when compared to younger chicks that were held for up to 18 h. Comparatively high concentrations of coenzyme Q(10) were detected in the yolk sac membrane, liver and heart, the concentrations being dependent on age of chicks, the highest value being recorded 18 h post-hatch. In most of the tissues studied, coenzyme Q(10) concentrations decreased substantially between 18 and 36 h post-hatch. This study demonstrated that there are tissue-specific changes in the concentrations of the major antioxidants (vitamin E and coenzyme Q(10)) during the 36 h post-hatch. (c) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of Maternal Dietary Supplementation With Three Sources of Carotenoids on the Retinyl Esters of Egg Yolk and Developing Quail Liver (Vol 140, Pg 430, 2006)
(Elsevier Science inc, 2007) Karadas, Filiz; Surai, Peter F.; Sparks, Nick H. C.; Grammenidis, Evangelos
Interspecies Variation in Yolk Selenium Concentrations Among Eggs of Free-Living Birds: the Effect of Phylogeny
(Elsevier Gmbh, Urban & Fischer verlag, 2006) Pappas, Athanasios C.; Karadas, Filiz; Surai, Peter F.; Wood, Nicholas A. R.; Cassey, Phillip; Bortolotti, Gary R.; Speake, Brian K.
Birds deposit the trace element selenium (Se) into their eggs because an adequate supply of this micronutrient is essential for embryonic development. Although there is considerable interest in egg Se with regard to topics as diverse as poultry nutrition and environmental pollution, data on the natural levels of Se in eggs of free-living avian species are currently very limited. To address this lack of information, we measured the yolk Se concentrations in eggs of 14 avian species collected in the wild. The concentrations (ng/g wet yolk) varied from 394 to 2238, with a mean value of 1040. Values (means +/- SD) for eggs from the UK, Canada and New Zealand were, respectively, 522 +/- 192 (3 species), 1194 +/- 584 (8 species) and 1147 +/- 200 (3 species). However, analysis by appropriate statistical models indicates that the effect of phylogenetic relatedeness among these species is so significant that it removes any effect of geographical location. In particular, species belonging to the order Passeriformes displayed significantly higher yolk Se levels than Non-Passeriforme species. In marked contrast to the free-living species, our previously published data indicate that the Se concentration in egg yolk of the domestic chicken is only about 100 ng/g wet yolk when the birds are maintained on a basal commercial diet without supplementary Se. The results reveal an extensive interspecies variation in yolk Se (across a 6-fold range) for eggs collected from the wild. Nevertheless, the Se concentrations in the yolks of all the free-living species were far higher (4-21-fold) than that achieved in the yolk of the domestic chicken consuming a standard basal diet. (c) 2006 Elsevier GrnbH. All rights reserved.
Maternal Effects and Changing Phenology of Bird Migration
(inter-research, 2011) Moller, Anders Pape; Biard, Clotilde; Karadas, Filiz; Rubolini, Diego; Saino, Nicola; Surai, Peter F.
Recent changes in migration distances and propensity for migration associated with climate change have suggested that these traits can evolve rapidly. Part of this rapid response to selection may be due to maternal effects that facilitate changes in the underlying physiology of migration. We hypothesize that exposure to large amounts of antioxidants in the egg will facilitate assimilation and metabolism of dietary antioxidants later in life, thereby allowing offspring to better cope with extreme strenuous exercise such as the bursts of rapid migration shown during spring migration. We tested the relationship between temporal change in mean arrival date of migratory birds since 1960 and concentrations of 2 antioxidants in the eggs of 14 species of birds. Only egg concentration of vitamin E was a significant predictor of advancement in spring arrival date. Furthermore, we experimentally manipulated egg content of vitamin E in barn swallows Hirundo rustica and subsequently recorded arrival date of yearling male recruits. Arrival date advanced significantly by > 1 standard deviation due to treatment, providing experimental evidence for a relationship between egg concentration of vitamin E and subsequent migration behavior. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal effects have played an important role in the evolution of bird migration.
Maternal Effects Mediated by Antioxidants and the Evolution of Carotenoid-Based Signals in Birds
(Univ Chicago Press, 2009) Biard, Clotilde; Gil, Diego; Karadas, Filiz; Saino, Nicola; Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Surai, Peter F.; Moller, Anders P.
Bright yellow to red signals used in mate choice or intrasexual competition are based on carotenoid pigments that are hypothesized to be traded between physiological functions and coloration. These signals have recently been shown to be influenced by maternal effects. Indeed, yolk-derived carotenoids are essential for embryos to develop efficient carotenoid metabolism in posthatching life. Maternal effects facilitate adaptation to environmental variability and influence the evolution of phenotypic traits such as secondary sexual signals. Here we propose that maternal investment in yolk carotenoids promotes the evolution of carotenoid-based ornaments. We conducted a comparative analysis of lipid-soluble antioxidants (carotenoids and vitamins A and E) in the eggs of 112 species of bird. Species with large clutch sizes deposited higher yolk concentrations of the three antioxidants. There was a significant positive relationship between yolk carotenoids and the expression of male carotenoid-based signals, but not between yolk carotenoids and sexual dichromatism in these signals. These relationships were specific to carotenoids, as they were not found for vitamins A and E. This provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that maternal effects mediated by yolk carotenoids play a role in the evolution of carotenoid-based signals as a response to sexual selection, likely based on organizational effects of carotenoids during embryo development.
Protective Effect of Modified Glucomannans and Organic Selenium Against Antioxidant Depletion in the Chicken Liver Due To T-2 Toxin-Contaminated Feed Consumption
(Elsevier Science inc, 2007) Dvorska, Julia E.; Pappas, Athanasios C.; Karadas, Filiz; Speake, Brian K.; Surai, Peter F.
The aim of this work was to assess the effect of T-2 toxin on the antioxidant status of the chicken and to study possible protective effects of modified glucomannan (Mycosorb (TM)) and organic selenium (Sel-Plex (TM)). Inclusion of T-2 toxin in the chickens' diet (8.1 mg/kg for 21 days) was associated with significant decreases in the concentrations of selenium (Se)(by 32.2%), et-tocopherol (by 41.4%), total carotenoids (by 56.5%), ascorbic acid (by 43.5%) and reduced glutathione (by 56.3%) in the liver, as well as a decrease in the hepatic activity of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-GSH-Px) (by 36.8%). However, inclusion of modified glucomannans into the T-2 toxin-contaminated diet provided a partial protection against the detrimental effects of the mycotoxin on the antioxidant defences in the chicken liver. For example, the Se concentration in the liver was restored completely, although the Se-GSH-Px activity in the liver increased to only 81% of its control value. These protective effects of modified glucomannas were associated with a 45% reduction of lipid peroxidation in the liver in comparison to the effects of T-2 toxin alone. A combination of modified glucomannas with organic Se was shown to provide further protection against toxin-induced antioxidant depletion and lipid peroxidation in the chicken liver. Thus, the data clearly indicate a major protective effect of the mycotoxin-binder in combination with organic Se against the detrimental consequences of T-2 toxin-contaminated feed consumption by growing chickens. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.