Browsing by Author "Yerli, Caner"

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Ağır Metallerin Toprak, Bitki, Su ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkileri
(2020) Şahin, Üstün; Yerli, Caner; Tüfenkcı, Sefık; Çakmakcı, Talıp
Günümüzde artan sanayileşme ve kentleşme ile beraber çeşitli çevre kirlilikleri artmış ve birçok çevresel problem ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu problemlerin başında gelen ağır metaller, hava, toprak ve su kaynaklarında kirliliklere neden olmaktadırlar. Bitki fizyolojisini olumsuz etkileyerek, bitkisel üretimin azalmasına neden olan ağır metaller, besin zinciri yoluyla canlı sağlığını da tehdit ederler. Ağır metallerin toprağa ve bitkiye etkisi, toprak ve bitki özelliklerine göre değişiklik gösterebilmektedir. Ağır metaller toprak biyolojisinin bozulmasına, bitkide protein sentezi, DNA, RNA, kök-su ilişkisi, çimlenme, gelişme ve fotosentezin olumsuz etkilenmesine, toprak, bitki ve suda kompleks yapılar oluşturarak doku ve organların zarar görmesine neden olabilirler. Bu nedenlerle ağır metallerin toprak, bitki, su ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkisi tam olarak anlaşılmalıdır. Bu derlemede; ağır metallerin ortaya çıkışı, toprağa-suya etkisi ve toprak özelliklerinin ağır metallerle olan ilişkisi, ağır metallerin bitki fizyolojisine etkisi ve bitkinin ağır metallere karşı savunma ve tolerans mekanizmaları ile ağır metallerin insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri irdelenmeye çalışılmıştır.
Biochar and Mycorrhiza Enhance Soil Carbon Storage and Reduce Co2 Emissions in Wastewater-Irrigated Turf
(Iwa Publishing, 2023) Sahin, Ustun; Cakmakci, Talip; Yerli, Caner
Irrigation with recycled wastewater can reduce freshwater demand and improve soil fertility, but it can also increase CO2 emissions from soil and contribute to global warming. This study investigated whether biochar and mycorrhiza can reduce CO2 emissions and enhance soil quality in wastewater-irrigated turf. A factorial experiment was conducted with four levels of biochar (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%), two mycorrhiza (with and without), and two types of irrigation water (freshwater and recycled wastewater). Soil CO2 and H2O emissions, moisture and temperature, and chemical and physical properties were measured for 3 months. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments significantly reduced CO2 emissions by 19.4-45.0% compared to the control treatment. The combination of biochar at a 1.5% level with mycorrhiza had the highest emission-reducing effect. Biochar and mycorrhiza treatments also reduced H2O emissions by 8.1-14.6%, increased soil organic matter, carbon, and total nitrogen, regulated soil EC and pH, and improved soil porosity and aggregate stability. The results suggest that biochar and mycorrhiza can be effective strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions and improve soil quality in wastewater irrigation. The combination of biochar with mycorrhiza can have synergistic benefits for soil carbon storage and conservation.
The Changes in Yield, Quality, and Soil Properties of Turfgrass Grown by Applying Varying Levels of Hazelnut Husk Compost and Irrigating With Wastewater in Soils With Different Textures, and Their Effects on Carbon Dioxide Emissions From the Soil
(Springer int Publ Ag, 2023) Yerli, Caner; Senol, Nergiz Dila; Yaganoglu, Elif
The increasing population in the world complicates the management of solid and liquid wastes. In irrigation with wastewater and application of organic wastes to the soil, both discharges of the waste problems are solved and waste management is provided and the need for synthetic fertilizers is reduced by increasing soil and crop productivity. Hence, more environmentally-friendly and economical production can be developed in agriculture. This context, in this study, in which the yield-quality of turfgrass and soil was investigated by applying varying amounts of hazelnut husk compost to different soil textures and by irrigating with different water qualities, increasing organic matter and carbon, total N, P2O5, K2O, exchangeable cations, and Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the soil increased nutrient contents of the turfgrass and turfgrass yield-quality values in both soil textures with increasing dose of hazelnut husk compost and in irrigation with wastewater compared to fresh water. Irrigation with wastewater and compost improved the yield-quality of turfgrass and soil; however, they resulted in higher levels of carbon dioxide emissions from the soil. In addition, the emission was even higher in clay-loam soil compared to in sandy-loam. It was found that the compost and irrigation with wastewater applications in turfgrass areas are recommendable production strategies to increase crop yield-quality and support soil fertility. However, since increased carbon dioxide emissions in these conditions are environmental and ecological risk, a more intensive production accompanied by emission-reducing practices was considered a recommendable result to carry out studies on the development of strategies.
Co2 Emission From Soil in Silage Maize Irrigated With Wastewater Under Deficit Irrigation in Direct Sowing Practice
(Elsevier, 2022) Yerli, Caner; Sahin, Ustun; Oztas, Taskin
It is necessary to understand and measure the impact of tillage and irrigation practices on CO2 emissions from the soil with an environmental sensitivity, while wastewater irrigation increases crop biomass yield. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the changes and reasons in CO2 emissions from soil conventional and conservative tillage under different levels of wastewater irrigation. The CO2 emission from tillage-sowing to harvest over the regular measurements with a EGM-5 infrared gas analyzer device was investigated with three replicates in three deficit irrigation levels (0%, 33%, and 67%) of domestic recycled wastewater in conventional tillage and direct sowing practices. Binary relationships of CO2 emissions with H2O emission, air temperature, and the soil temperature and moisture measured at three different depths (5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm) were also investigated and strong (p < 0.01) positive linear correlations were determined. Wastewater irrigation and conventional tillage significantly increased CO2 emissions compared to freshwater irrigation and direct sowing practice, while deficit irrigation practice decreased it. The direct sowing reduced seasonal CO2 emissions 25.1% and 26.1% for per unit area (1 ha) of silage maize and per unit of fresh silage yield (1 kg), respectively, compared to conventional tillage. The lowest CO2 emission per unit area and yield was determined in full irrigation treatment with freshwater in direct-sowing, while, in wastewater applications, it was determined in irrigation levels 33% per unit area and 67% per unit yield, under direct sowing. Thirty-three percent and 67% treatments in direct sowing resulted in less seasonal CO2 emissions as 38.7% per unit area and 13.8% per unit fresh silage yield, respectively compared to full irrigation treatment with freshwater in conventional tillage. Mean CO2 emissions in these treatments were found lower 17.9% per unit area and higher 17.8% per unit fresh silage yield compared to the full irrigation treatment with freshwater in direct-sowing. It was concluded that CO2 emissions per unit yield could be decreased with 33% water saving under wastewater irrigation conditions, and could be achieved environmental additional benefits from more decreasing CO2 emission by direct sowing also.
Co2 Emissions and Their Changes With H2o Emissions, Soil Moisture, and Temperature During the Wetting-Drying Process of the Soil Mixed With Different Biochar Materials
(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Yerli, Caner; Cakmakci, Talip; Sahin, Ustun
Biochar is an organic regulator that improves crop yield by regulating soil properties. In addition, this organic regulator is also effective in reducing CO2 emissions from soil. However, considering the management of CO2 emissions together with many factors and the different properties of soil depending on the biochar content, CO2 emissions can vary. Thus, the study investigated the soil moisture and temperature and H2O emission, which affect the emission, and CO2 emission of biochars with different raw materials applied to the soil in the wetting-drying cycle of the soil. It was determined that biochar applications decreased CO2 emissions, but the share of each biochar material in reduction differed, and CO2 emissions were 82, 51, 20, and 13% lower in straw, hazelnut, apple, and sawdust biochar applications than in soil without biochar, respectively, and significant positive linear relationships of CO2 emissions with soil moisture-temperature and H2O emissions were determined. In addition, in biochar applications, H2O and soil temperature decreased depending on the moisture retention in the soil increased. In the findings, it can be suggested that straw biochar application to soil is more effective in reducing the severity of increasing global warming, and that soil moisture and temperature should be managed to reduce CO2 emissions.
Deficit Irrigation With Wastewater in Direct Sowed Silage Maize Reduces Co2 Emissions From Soil by Providing Carbon Savings
(Iwa Publishing, 2022) Yerli, Caner; Sahin, Ustun; Kiziloglu, Fatih Mehmet; Oztas, Taskin; Ors, Selda
Direct sowing and deficit irrigation practices can reduce the effect of wastewater on CO2 emissions from soil by providing carbon savings. Therefore, the effect of domestic recycled wastewater uses at different levels in irrigation under conventional tillage and direct sowing practices on the CO2 emission from soil at the end of the vegetation period of silage maize was investigated by comparing it with full irrigation of fresh water. Both organic carbon and CO2 emissions in the second year in fully irrigated treatments were higher than those in the first year. The CO2 emission in the full irrigation with wastewater (0.263 g m(-2) h(-1)), compared to full irrigation with fresh water and 33 and 67% deficit irrigations with wastewater, was higher at 23.4, 25.0, and 59.3%, respectively. Direct sowing practice also (0.193 g m(-2) h(-1)) resulted in 17.0% less CO2 emission as compared to conventional tillage. The positive linear relationships of H2O emission and the soil moisture content at different depths (5, 10, and 20 cm) with CO2 emission were significant, and the negative relationships with the soil temperatures were also found. It has been concluded that deficit irrigation and direct sowing applications can be practical for reducing CO2 emissions from soil in wastewater irrigation conditions.
Değişen Sulama Suyu Seviyeleriyle Toprağa Farklı Oranlarda Biyoçar Uygulanarak Yetiştirilen Kıvırcık Marulun Fiziksel ve Fizyolojik Özellikleri ile Mineral Madde İçeriği
(2023) Tüfenkcı, Sefık; Yerli, Caner
Su arzından yaşanan kriz suyun en büyük tüketicisi olan tarım sektöründe gıda üretiminin olumsuz etkilenmesine neden olmaktadır. Kısıntılı sulama stratejisi suyu etkin kullanmanın yanı sıra gıda üretiminin sürekliliğini de sağlamaktadır. Ancak bu stratejide yetişen bitki abiyotik strese maruz kaldığı için önemli verim ve kalite kayıpları yaşamaktadır. Bu nedenle kısıntılı sulamayla yetiştirilen bitkinin verim ve kalite kayıplarını iyileştirmeye yönelik yaklaşımların geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada değişen sulama suyu seviyeleriyle (% 100, % 67 ve % 33) toprağa farklı oranlarda biyoçar uygulanarak (% 0, % 1, % 2 ve % 3) kıvırcık marulun (Lactuca sativa L. var. Crispa) fiziksel ve fizyolojik özellikleri ile mineral madde içeriği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma azalan sulama suyu seviyesinin kıvırcık marulun bitki boyunu, gövde çapını, yaprak sayısını, kök yaş ve kuru ağırlıklarını ve bitki ağırlığını, klorofil ve yaprak bağıl su içeriklerini, stoma iletkenliğini ve N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn ve Zn içeriklerini azaltırken membran zararlanma indeksini artırdığını ancak kıvırcık marulun verim ve kalitesini etkileyen fiziksel ve fizyolojik özellikleri ile mineral madde içeriğinin artan biyoçar oranlarıyla gelişim gösterdiğini belirlemiştir. Çalışmada % 33 seviyesinde sulamada en yüksek stres faktörünün ortaya çıkması sonucunda kıvırcık marulun fiziksel ve fizyolojik özellikleri ile mineral madde içeriğinin en yüksek seviyede etkilendiği ve stresi en etkili yöneten biyoçar dozunun ise % 3 oranında gerçekleştiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak kısıntılı sulama koşullarında yetiştirilen kıvırcık marulun verim ve kalite kayıplarını iyileştirmeye yönelik biyoçarın önemli bir potansiyelinin olduğu dikkate alınarak kısıntılı sulama rejiminde biyoçarın kullanımı önerilebilir olarak bulunmuştur.
Determination of the Effects of Irrigation With Recycled Wastewater and Biochar Treatments on Crop and Soil Properties in Maize Cultivation
(Iwa Publishing, 2024) Yerli, Caner
The study was conducted under two water qualities (fresh water (FW), recycled wastewater (RWW)) and two biochar treatments (no biochar (No-B) and biochar (B)). It was determined that B reduced the actual evapotranspiration by saving irrigation water and that biomass yield increased in RWW and B; thus, RWW and B provided higher WPirrigation and WP. RWW and B increased OM, TN, P2O5, K2O, CEC, porosity, and aggregate stability, thus encouraging the development of the physical-physiological properties, ADF-NDF content, and biomass yields of the crop, but causing EC to increase. RWW and B resulted in higher macro-microelement contents and heavy metal (HM) contamination in the soil; thus, increases were observed in the macro-microelements and the HM content of the crop grown in RWW and B, but the absorption and buffering capacity of B limited the Na-Cd-Cr-Ni uptake of maize. However, the HM contents of the soil-crop did not exceed international standards in all treatments except the Cd content of maize. It was found that the use of B in irrigation with RWW can be recommended, considering the productivity-increasing contribution and the effectiveness of B in reducing the possible HM risks of RWW in maize cultivation, but monitoring the Cd content of maize and the EC of the soil.
The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emission From Turfgrass Soil Under Different Irrigation Intervals
(Iwa Publishing, 2024) Boyno, Gokhan; Yerli, Caner; Cakmakci, Talip; Sahin, Ustun; Demir, Semra
Increased nutrient and/or water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis can affect soil biochemical properties and emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, an experiment was designed to investigate the effect of AM fungi (AMF) on CO(2 )emissions from turfgrass. Three different AMF species (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and Rhizophagus irregularis) were used in this experiment. Turfgrass plants were cultivated in pots containing both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soils over a 10-week period. To mimic real-world conditions, the plants underwent irrigation cycles at intervals of 1, 2, and 3 days, replicating common irrigation practices in turfgrass fields. The research aimed to comprehensively understand the effects of AMF and varying irrigation intervals on CO2 emissions, soil characteristics, plant growth, and AMF parameters. It was observed that the changing irrigation intervals affected the AM symbiosis and this effect increased as the irrigation interval increased. It was determined that this AM symbiosis created with the plant significantly reduced CO2 emissions. In addition, it was determined that it regulates the soil structure and increases plant growth. In conclusion, it can be said that AMF species reduce CO2 emissions by reducing the need for water in the turfgrass.
Effect of Different Manure Applications and Wetting-Drying Cycles on Co2 Emissions From Soil
(Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2021) Yerli, Caner; Sahin, Ustun
Organic carbon is transformed into CO2 by various interventions applied to the soil and diffuse to the atmosphere. The manures which used unconscious under available soil moisture and temperature condition makes the soil microorganism activity increased. This causes CO2 emission increase as well by oxidation of organic matter. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate different amounts of sheep (20, 40 and 60 t ha(-1)) and poultry (15, 30 and 45 t ha(-1)) manure under different wetting-drying cycles (irrigation intervals of 3, 6 and 9-days) in terms of CO2 emission and to understand the relationship of soil temperature and soil moisture with CO2 emission. The study was conducted according to arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications as a pot study in greenhouse conditions. The frequent irrigation and using high amount of manure increased CO2 emissions. Although the same amount of organic matter was provided to the soil in different amounts of sheep and poultry manures, CO2 emission was higher in sheep manure. Soil temperature increased by irrigation at infrequent intervals and high amount of manure. Moisture retention in the soil increased by using high amount of manure. The linear relationship of soil temperature (R-2=0.922) and soil moisture (R-2=0.895) with CO2 emission was found to be quite significant (P<0.01). As a result of the study, using low amount of poultry manure (15 or 30 t ha(-1)) instead of sheep manure and irrigation at infrequent intervals (9-days) can be suggested as precautions to decrease CO2 emissions.
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) and Water (H2o) Emissions in Turfgrass Soil Under Different Salinity Irrigation Levels
(Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2023) Boyno, Gokhan; Yerli, Caner; Cakmakci, Talip; Sahin, Ustun; Demir, Semra
Host plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are widely believed to tolerate stressful situations such as heat, salinity, drought, metals, and extreme temperatures. However, increased nutrient and/or water uptake by AM symbiosis may affect soil biochemical properties and emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, an experiment was designed to investigate the effect of AM fungi on CO2 and water (H2O) emissions in lawns. Three different AM fungi species were used in this experiment (Funneliformis mosseae, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus irregularis). Turfgrass plants were grown in pots in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal soils for ten weeks, and the plants were subjected to irrigation cycles with salted water at 0.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.5 dS m(-1) ratios. The effects of AM fungi and saline irrigation at different rates on CO2 and H2O emissions and their effects on plant morphological growth and AM fungi parameters were also evaluated. At the end of the experiment, it was seen that irrigations with different salt ratios affected AM fungi, which was negative as the salt ratio increased. Nevertheless, a symbiosis was established between the plant and the AM fungi. CO2 and H2O emissions and soil temperature decreased with mycorrhiza treatments and increased irrigation water salinity. In addition, it was determined that AM fungi increased plant growth under salt stress. Among the AM fungi species, especially C. Etunicatum was more successful.
The Effects of Biochar Pyrolyzed at Varying Temperatures and Different Water Types on the Properties of Lettuce and Soil
(Springer int Publ Ag, 2023) Yerli, Caner
Although irrigation with recycled wastewater (RWW) is a remarkable approach in terms of ensuring the sustainability of fresh water (FW), heavy metals (HM) contained in RWW cause soil pollution and accumulation in the plant. Biochar can reduce these risks that regulate the mobility of HM in the soil and bioavailability in the plant, but this may differ depending on the varying pyrolysis temperatures of the biochar. In this study, the HM pollution of the soil and mineral content and physiological properties of the lettuce were investigated in irrigation with different water types of lettuce grown in soil applied with biochar pyrolyzed at varying temperature. The results showed that due to differing characteristics of biochars pyrolyzed at varying temperatures, biochars pyrolyzed at high temperatures increased EC and pH of the soil, P, and electrolyte leakage contents of lettuce compared to biochars pyrolyzed at low temperatures but decreased organic matter; TN; exchangeable cation; and Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the soil and chlorophyll, leaf relative water, stomatal conductance and mineral contents, and plant weight of lettuce, while biochar excluded Na and Zn uptake of lettuce. Contamination factor, enrichment factor, and pollution load index revealed that especially Ni and partially Mn and Cu may pose a risk in terms of HM pollution and that irrigation with RWW and biochars pyrolyzed at low temperatures may increase the HM pollution size. It has been found that FW+RWW can be used safely in irrigation to improve the mineral content and yield of lettuce, and it can be suggested that biochars pyrolyzed at high temperatures (> 400 & DEG;C) should be used to reduce pollution of HM.
Effects of Farmyard Manure and Biochar Treatments on the Development and Water Use of Lettuce Under the Deficit Irrigation Regime
(2024) Ergüler, Dilruba; Okyay, Fatma; Ömer, Ömer; Yerli, Caner
In this study, the effects of different organic matter additives [soil (control), 20 ton ha-1 farmyard manure, 20 ton ha-1 biochar, and 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure+10 ton ha-1 biochar] to the soil of lettuce grown with different irrigation water levels [100% (full irrigation), 75% (25% deficit irrigation), 50% (50% deficit irrigation), and 25% (75% deficit irrigation)] on water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies and plant characteristics were investigated. Among the organic matter additives, the biochar reduced the amount of irrigation water and actual evapotranspiration of lettuce and increased its marketable yield, thus the highest water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies were obtained from biochar treatment. Despite the decreasing marketable yield in the 50% irrigation treatment, the proportionally decreasing amount of irrigation water and actual evapotranspiration caused the highest water and irrigation water productivity efficiencies to occur in the 50% irrigation treatment. While the root diameter, root fresh and dry weights, stem diameter and length, head fresh and dry weights, marketable leaf number and yield, chlorophyll, and leaf relative water content of lettuce decreased with decreasing irrigation water levels, root length and membrane damage increased. The effects of organic matter additives on all of these physical- physiological properties, except root diameter and membrane damage, were found to be significant, and the biochar provided the most effective development of these parameters under the deficit irrigation regime. Considering that the yield and yield characteristics in 75% irrigation treatment do not decrease at a very significant level compared to full irrigation (100%) and that these decreases can be compensated by biochar and that the farmyard manure+biochar as alternative treatment is also effective in improving the decrease in yield parameters, treatment of 10 ton ha-1 farmyard manure+10 ton ha-1 to the soil at 75% irrigation water level was found to be recommended in lettuce cultivation.
Enhancing Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Varied-Texture Soils: Evaluating the Efficacy of Biochar in Mitigating Irrigation Water Salinity
(Gh Asachi Technical Univ Iasi, 2023) Yaganoglu, Elif; Senol, Nergiz Dila; Yerli, Caner
The dwindling freshwater resources and escalating pressure on them have underscored the imperative of utilizing low-quality saline water for irrigation. Nevertheless, this practice often exacts a toll on soil quality and leads to a decline in crop yield and quality. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for innovative, environmentally sustainable approaches to safeguard soil health and crop productivity when utilizing saline water for irrigation. Pyrolyzed biomass, commonly known as biochar, emerges as a promising and eco-friendly soil amendment with the potential to withstand the rigors of salinity stress. In light of this, our study aims to assess the impact of different rates of biochar application in mitigating the effects of varying levels of irrigation water salinity across diverse soil textures. We investigate alterations in soil properties, enzymatic activities, mineral content, as well as the physiological and morphological attributes of tomato plants. The objective is to comprehensively understand the potential of biochar to ameliorate salt stress under different soil conditions. Our findings indicate that biochar, when employed in conjunction with NaCl-laden irrigation water, enhances the physiological and morphological characteristics of tomato plants, augments the concentrations of essential nutrients such as N, P, and K, and fosters the development of soil aggregate stability. Furthermore, biochar positively influences pH levels, organic matter content, total N, P2O5, K2O, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and soil enzyme activities. Importantly, it fortifies the crop's resilience to salinity stress. Significant disparities between soil textures are discerned in all assessed parameters; however, biochar consistently exhibits its salinity-mitigating efficacy across all soil types. In summary, our research underscores biochar as a promising and universally applicable solution for mitigating stress and enhancing the quality of tomato crops and soil health when confronted with the challenge of saline water for irrigation.
Farklı Organik Gübre Uygulanan Topraklarda Islanma-kuruma Koşullarında Co2 Emisyonu ve Co2 Emisyonunun Nem, Sıcaklık ve H2o Emisyonu ile İlişkileri
(2022) Çakmakcı, Talıp; Şahin, Üstün; Yerli, Caner
Bu çalışmanın amacı, toprağa beş farklı organik madde ilavesinin (fındık kabuğu kompostu ve çiftlik, güvercin, kümes hayvanları ve koyun gübreleri) toprağın ıslanma-kuruma döngüsü sırasında topraktan karbondioksit (CO2) salınımına etkisini ve CO2 salınımının toprak nemi, su buharı (H2O) salınımı ve toprak sıcaklığı ile ilişkilerini incelemektedir. Sonuçlar, en yüksek CO2 salınımının güvercin gübresi uygulamasında (0.805 g m-2 h-1) olduğunu ve bunu sırasıyla fındık kabuğu kompostu (0.658 g m-2 h-1), kümes hayvanları (0.541 g m-2 h-1), çiftlik (0.476 g m-2 h-1) ve koyun gübresi uygulamalarının (0.424 g m-2 h-1) ve akabinden kontrol uygulaması olarak toprağın (0.300 g m-2 h-1) takip ettiğini göstermiştir. Kontrol uygulamasına kıyasla tüm organik madde ilavesi uygulamalarında toprak nemi artmış, H2O salınımı ve toprak sıcaklığı azalmış, böylece CO2 salınımı toprak nemi ile pozitif lineer, H2O salınımı ve toprak sıcaklığı ile negatif lineer ilişkiye sahip olmuştur. Bu nedenle, CO2 salınımını azaltmak için toprak nemini yöneterek hem organik madde hem de azot içeriği düşük organik madde ilavelerinin (sırasıyla koyun, çiftlik ve kanatlı gübreler) toprağa uygulanmasının küresel ısınma riskine karşı daha koruyucu bir görüş olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Farklı Seviyelerde Geri Dönüştürülmüş Atık Suyla Sulanan Topraktan Co2 Emisyonu ve Emisyonun Toprak Özellikleriyle İlişkileri
(2023) Yerli, Caner
Geri dönüştürülmüş atık suların tarımsal sulamada kullanımı gübreleme etkisiyle toprak kalitesini artırmanın yanı sıra atık suların çevreye deşarjını da azalttarak ekosisteme katkı sağlamaktadır. Ancak atık suyun yüksek besin içeriği toprağı CO2 emisyonu sağlayan kaynak haline getirebileceği için emisyonların yönetimi için CO2 emisyonu ile toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin iyi bir şekilde bilinmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışma farklı seviyelerde geri dönüştürülmüş atık suyla ve temiz suyla sulanan toprağın özelliklerindeki değişimler inceleyerek CO2 emisyonu ile toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkileri belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Sonuçlar, tam sulama uygulamalarında geri dönüştürülmüş atık suyun temiz sudan %58.1 daha fazla CO2 emisyonuna neden olduğunu ancak artan kısıntılı sulama ile emisyonların %8.8 ile %44.5 aralığında azaldığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca CO2 emisyonunun toprağın EC, pH, CaCO3, organik madde, toplam N, P2O5, K2O, katyon değişim kapasitesi, porozite, agregat stabilitesi özellikleri ile topraktan H2O emisyonu ve farklı derinliklerde toprak nemi ve sıcaklığıyla önemli ilişkilerinin belirlenmiş olması geri dönüştürülmüş atık suyla sulanan toprakta CO2 emisyonu yönetiminde bu parametrelerin etkinliğini ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bulgular dikkate alındığında, CO2 emisyonu azaltımında kısıntılı sulamanın oldukça etkili olduğu ve toprak sıcaklığı ile toprak özelliklerinin emisyon üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alındığında CO2 emisyonunun toprak sıcaklığı ve toprak özellikleri yönetimiyle azaltılabileceği ve bu konuda daha kapsamlı çalışmaların yapılması önerilebilir olarak bulunmuştur.
Farklı Sulama Suyu Kaynaklarıyla Sulama Koşullarında Ahır Gübresi ve Biyoçarla Organik Madde İçeriği Geliştirilmiş Topraktan Co2 Salınımı
(2023) Şahin, Üstün; Yerli, Caner
Bu çalışmada toprak organik madde içeriğini iyileştirmek için toprağa ahır gübresi ve biyoçar uygulanarak farklı organik madde seviyelerinin [%1,21 (kontrol) %1,5, %2,5, %3,5 ve %4,5] elde edildiği inkübe toprağın temiz su ve arıtılmış atık suyla sulanması koşullarında bir aylık ıslanma- kuruma döngüsünde topraktan CO2 ve H2O salınımı ile toprak nemi ve sıcaklığı değerleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları kontrol uygulamasına göre ahır gübresiyle toprağın iyileştirilen organik madde içeriğinde CO2 salınımının %29’dan %146’a kadar arttığını gösterirken biyoçarın %1,5 ve 2,5 organik madde seviyelerinin kontrol uygulamasıyla istatistiksel olarak benzer olduğunu ancak biyoçarla daha fazla artan organik madde katkısının kontrol uygulamasına göre salınımı %28 ve %81 arttırdığını belirlemiştir. Arıtılmış atık suyla sulama temiz suya göre %40 daha fazla CO2 salınımıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Ahır gübresi ve biyoçarla toprağın artan organik madde katkısı topraktan daha az H2O salınımı ve daha fazla toprak nemi sağlamış ve ahır gübresinin aksine biyoçarın H2O salınımını azaltıcı ve toprak nemini koruyucu etkisi belirlenmiştir. Toprak neminin daha fazla olması nemin yüksek bulunduğu uygulamalarda toprak sıcaklığını azaltıcı bir etki ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ayrıca topraktan CO2 salınımı toprak nemi ile önemli pozitif doğrusal ilişki göstermiş ancak toprak sıcaklığıyla olan etkisi önemsiz olmuştur. Toprak organik maddesini iyileştirmek için ahır gübresi yerine biyoçarın topraktan CO2 ve H2O salınımlarını azaltıcı ve toprak nemini koruyucu özelliklerinden yararlanılması önemli bir sonuç olmakla beraber özellikle atık suyla sulama koşullarında biyoçarın çevre dostu bir uygulama olarak kullanımı bu çalışmanın sonucunda önerilebilir olarak bulunmuştur.
Farklı Toprak İşleme Yönetimi Kapsamında Atık Su ile Sulama Yapılarak Toprağın Fiziksel ve Hidrolik Özelliklerinin İyileştirilmesi
(2024) Kızıloğlu, Fatih Mehmet; Yerli, Caner; Şahin, Üstün
Geri dönüştürülmüş atık su ile sulama yapmak, toprağın organik maddesini artırmaktadır. Böylece artan organik maddenin toprağın fiziksel ve hidrolik özelliklerine etkisi farklı sulama suyu miktarları ve farklı toprak işleme uygulamaları ile geliştirilebilir. Bu çalışmada, artan organik maddenin etkisi, doğrudan ekim (DS) ve geleneksel toprak işleme (CT) altında değişen geri dönüştürülmüş atık su (RWW) (RWW ile %100, %67 ve %33 sulama seviyeleri) ve temiz suyla (FW) (FW ile %100 sulama seviyesi) sulama seviyelerinde sulanan bir silajlık mısır tarlasında gerçekleştirilen iki yıllık bir çalışmanın ardından belirlenmiştir. %100 sulama düzeyinde; RWW, FW ile karşılaştırıldığında, hacim ağırlığı %1.5 daha düşük olmuşken, porozite, agregat stabilitesi, tarla kapasitesi, solma noktası ve kullanılabilir su kapasitesi sırasıyla %1.9, %12.0, %2.8, %2.2 ve %3.6 oranında önemli ölçüde artış göstermiştir. Hacim ağırlığı, agregat stabilitesi, tarla kapasitesi, solma noktası ve kullanılabilir su kapasitesi CT'ye göre DS'de sırasıyla %1.5, %4.3, %3.3, %2.2 ve %4.2 seviyesinde anlamlı derecede artış göstermişken, porozite %1.5 daha düşük olmuştur. Bu etkiler, DS'deki organik madde içeriğinin CT'ye göre %1.1 daha yüksek olması nedeniyle DS altında RWW ile sulamaya ilişkin açıklanabilirken, tam sulamalar arasında; RWW, FW'ye göre organik madde içeriğini %17 arttırmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda DS kapsamında RWW kullanılarak %100 sulama seviyelerinin silajlık mısır tarlasının fiziksel ve hidrolik özelliklerini iyileştirmede pratik bir yaklaşım olabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Fertility and Heavy Metal Pollution in Silage Maize Soil Irrigated With Different Levels of Recycled Wastewater Under Conventional and No-Tillage Practices
(Springer, 2025) Yerli, Caner; Sahin, Ustun; Oztas, Taskin; Ors, Selda
Irrigation with recycled domestic wastewater has been known to obtain positive effects on improving soil fertility, but it may also become a risk factor in case of causing an increase in soil salinity and/or heavy metal concentration of soil. No-tillage can retain soil moisture, helping to reduce irrigation water necessity, and thus lower amounts of heavy metals and salts are added to soil under wastewater irrigation conditions. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of wastewater irrigation at different levels of on silage maize cultivation under conventional tillage and no-tillage conditions by comparing to full irrigation with fresh water. The two-year experiment was planned according to the split-plots design in the random blocks with three replications. The results indicated that full irrigation with wastewater increased soil salinity, organic matter content, total nitrogen, plant available phosphous, exchangeable cations, exchangeable sodium percentage and soil essential and non-essential heavy metal contents, but decreased soil pH and lime content. Increasing rates in organic matter content, total nitrogen, plant available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium were higher, but in electrical conductivity, and heavy metal accumulation were lower in soil under no-tillage as compared to conventional tillage. Contamination and enrichment factors and geographic accumulation index showed that non-essential heavy metal contamination due to cadmium and nickel, increased in full irrigation with wastewater. Irrigation with wastewater also increased heavy metal accumulation in silage maize. No-tillage can be a recommendable water management practice considering that the risks of soil salinity and heavy metal accumulation can be reduced and that soil fertility can be increased. Also, in reducing the risk of accumulation of cadmium and nickel in soil, 33% deficit irrigation with wastewater can make no-tillage more available.
Improvement of Water and Crop Productivity of Silage Maize by Irrigation With Different Levels of Recycled Wastewater Under Conventional and Zero Tillage Conditions
(Elsevier, 2023) Yerli, Caner; Sahin, Ustun; Ors, Selda; Kiziloglu, Fatih Mehmet
Although wastewater irrigation has a long history involving different stages of development, the future expec-tation to improve crop yield and water productivity in wastewater irrigation practices is still relevant. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate water productivity, yield and crop quality of silage maize irrigated with different application levels (100%, 67%, and 33% of irrigation need) of recycled wastewater with three replicates in conventional tillage and zero tillage practices and comparing them with full fresh water irrigation. The results of two-year field studies showed that zero tillage resulted in saving 10.1% of irrigation water on average compared to conventional tillage and actual evapotranspiration in silage maize with zero tillage was 7.4% less. Biomass yield was the highest in full irrigation with wastewater under zero tillage. Zero tillage practice provided 12.0% and 13.2% higher water productivity(WP) and irrigation water productivity(WPirrig), respectively compared to conventional tillage. The WP was higher in treatments with wastewater with 100% and 67% irri-gation levels, while the WPirrig was higher in treatment with wastewater with 67% irrigation level. While the crop total soluble solids, nutrients, crude protein, chlorophyll(SPAD), leaf area index and leaf relative water content (LRWC) values were higher in full irrigation with wastewater, acid and neutral detergent fibers and membrane damage was lower. Crude protein in zero tillage was lower than in conventional tillage, while SPAD and LRWC were higher. It could be concluded that wastewater can increase silage maize biomass yield and crop quality. This result may be more valuable in terms of both protecting scarce fresh water resources and contributing to the environment with waste disposal. Moreover, 67% irrigation treatment with wastewater can be preferred for the higher WP and WPirrig values, and zero tillage can be used as a practical treatment that contributes to the yield and water saving.