Browsing by Author "Arvas, Y.E."

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Genetically Modified Crops Combating Climate Change and Environmental Protection
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Arvas, Y.E.
Genetically modified crops play a significant role in combating climate change by providing resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. These crops possess traits such as herbicide tolerance, antibiotic resistance, insect resistance, and drought stress tolerance. These features have increased the productivity of many agricultural products, such as alfalfa, canola, cotton, corn, potatoes, rice, and soybeans, which are commercially used. Climate change, caused by the increase in greenhouse gases, leads to temperature changes worldwide and negatively affects agricultural production. Food security is threatened by increased bacterial production at high temperatures and irregular rainfall patterns due to climate change. In this situation, alternative solutions in agricultural activities should be sought. Genetically modified crops stand out as an effective tool for adapting to climate change and protecting the environment due to their resistance to environmental stress factors. Many countries, such as the United States, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada, permit the commercial cultivation of genetically modified crop varieties and emphasize that the approval for the release of these crops should not be delayed. Although some countries, like those in the European Union, still follow these concerns seriously and have banned the cultivation and human consumption of these products, they allow limited access for use as animal feed. Undoubtedly, with the use of these technologies, agricultural productivity and food security can be enhanced. However, socioeconomic impacts and issues such as food supply security should also be given necessary importance, and legal guarantees should be provided. The acceptance and widespread adoption of genetically modified crops, with their benefits and potential risks, is now an inevitable fact as they are the strongest candidates to address the global food problems caused by climate change. Moreover, as the impact of climate change becomes more pronounced with each passing day, the adoption of new technologies in agricultural production and the promotion of environmentally friendly, economical, accessible, and soil-appropriate alternative solutions should be encouraged. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Cultivation of New Crops Under Changing Climate
(Springer Science+Business Media, 2025) Arvas, Y.E.; Devlet, A.; Kaya, Y.
Global climate change poses serious threats to ecosystems and agriculture. It has been observed that crop growth and productivity are negatively affected due to climate change. Various methods have been developed in the past to address these issues. The Green Revolution aimed to increase agriculture by using high-yield crop varieties and chemical fertilizers, but these practices have only addressed the effects of climate change to a limited extent. Therefore, there is a need for sustainable and integrated agricultural approaches. Genetically modified plants are considered an effective strategy for adapting to climate change. These plants can enhance carbon sequestration capacities and provide climate-resilient food systems. In this context, genetically engineered “smart plants” have been developed to withstand climate variations. Genetically modified plants have the potential to optimize various agricultural traits. Transgenic technology is recognized as a rapid method for gene transfer. This technology allows the introduction of desired genes into plants, enabling the enhancement of specific traits. It can increase plants’ resistance to climate change and other stress factors. However, developing high-efficiency protocols for genetic transformation is necessary. Transgenic plants play a significant role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These plants can lower emissions by reducing pesticide use and fossil fuel consumption. Additionally, developing plants with high carbon sequestration capacity aims to decrease the amount of CO[[inf]]2[[/inf]] in the atmosphere. This summary provides an overview of the potential contributions of genetically modified plants and transgenic technology in combating climate change. © 2025 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Golden Rice Project and Its Impact on Global Nutritional Security
(wiley, 2025) Arvas, Y.E.
With recombinant DNA technological methods, which have been widely used in recent years, changes have been made in the genetic structure of many products and put on the market. Transgenic studies on many food products, including rice, have developed increasingly. Regarding crop production and cultivation area, rice ranks second in the world and is the primary food source for more than half of the world’s population. About 21% of the calorie needs of people around the world are provided by rice. Genetic engineering methods can provide broad scope to increase paddy yield and plant protection, enable paddy to grow in drought and salinity conditions, and lead to more nutritious paddy to reduce malnutrition. Although transgenic studies continue in the rice plant, Golden Rice is undoubtedly one of the most exciting studies in this field. Golden Rice is expected to directly affect the lives of millions of people around the world who suffer from visual impairment due to vitamin A deficiency (VAD). As stated, Golden Rice is designed primarily to address VAD rather than starvation in general. However, it is essential to remember that malnutrition, including micronutrient deficiencies such as vitamin A, is a significant component of the broader food security problem. Although Golden Rice alone cannot solve hunger problems, it is thought to improve nutritional security in societies largely dependent on rice as a staple food. In this study, the Golden Rice project is discussed to date, and its impact on global nutrition security is discussed. © 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2025 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Future Strategies for Sorghum Improvement Under Climate Change Scenario
(Springer Singapore, 2024) Devlet, A.; Arvas, Y.E.
Since the importance of sorghum on a global scale is known, its sensitivity to various stress events caused by climate change is an important issue that should be considered in terms of developing different adaptation strategies and ensuring food and feed security in the future. Sorghum’s ability to grow in different climatic conditions and its resistance to abiotic stresses makes it a strategic product in the face of climate change. In addition to threatening global agricultural systems, global climate change also has the disadvantage of reducing crop yields and disrupting the resilience of the ecosystem. Abiotic stress factors such as high temperature, drought, flood, and excessive rainfall negatively affect the production of basic food products. To overcome these challenges, it is crucial to focus on climate-adapted food crops that require lower inputs and can provide sustainable yields under changing climate conditions. Sorghum is resistant to abiotic stresses and can grow under difficult conditions, which is important for strategies that can provide sustainable yield in changing climate conditions. Sorghum is consumed as a staple food in many regions of Asia and Africa and provides necessary vitamins. Understanding the sensitivity of sorghum to climate change can help identify opportunities to improve its yield and quality, thereby reducing risks associated with food and feed security in future climate change scenarios. Efforts should be made to develop different alternatives for different sorghum varieties against future climate change scenarios. It is thought that this research will help determine which varieties can offer better yields in the future and guide the development of appropriate management strategies. Additionally, locally simulating the potential impacts of climate change on cereal crops is crucial for developing adaptation and consumption strategies. In summary, raising awareness and sensitivity to stress events caused by climate change and prioritizing sorghum crops in crop improvement strategies are essential to pave the way toward climate-smart agriculture. Focusing on climate-compatible, high-yield crops such as sorghum can alleviate the negative effects of climate change, result in sustainable agricultural policies by reducing inputs, and ultimately contribute to food and feed security in the face of a changing climate. Main Conclusions: In this study, global food insecurity caused by climate change, the sensitivity of sorghum to climate change, and efforts to promote climate-friendly agriculture were examined. Additionally, the development of potential crop improvement strategies available in sorghum is emphasized. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
LC-MS/MS-based Phenolic Profiling and IRAP-PCR Analysis Reveal Biochemical and Genomic Responses of Flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.) to Salt Stress
(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2026) Arvas, Y.E.
Background: Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that affects plant growth, secondary metabolism, and genomic stability. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity are key biochemical indicators of plant stress responses, while retrotransposon activity reflects molecular-level genomic plasticity. This study investigated the physiological and molecular responses of Linum usitatissimum L. (flax) to different salt concentrations, aiming to better understand the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance. Methods and results: Flax plantlets were grown in vitro on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 15, 30, or 60 mM NaCl for 15 days. Total phenolic content (TPC) was quantified using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays. LC-MS/MS was employed to identify and quantify individual phenolic compounds, and IRAP-PCR was used to evaluate retrotransposon mobility. Salinity resulted in a significant reduction in biochemical parameters. TPC decreased from 1.13 µg GAE/100 µg extract in the control to 0.85, 1.06, and 0.69 µg GAE under 15, 30, and 60 mM NaCl, respectively. Antioxidant activity showed a similar decline: DPPH inhibition dropped from 25% (control) to approximately 12% under 60 mM stress, while ABTS inhibition decreased from over 90% to approximately 72% at 0.03 mg/mL. LC-MS/MS profiling revealed salt-sensitive reductions in chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and naringenin, with chlorogenic acid particularly diminished at 60 mM NaCl. At the molecular level, IRAP-PCR yielded high polymorphism rates, ranging from 50% to 100% (primer 1845), 60% to 100% (1846), 54% to 100% (1875), and 36% to 100% (1899), indicating enhanced retrotransposon activity under increasing salinity. Conclusion: Overall, rising salt concentrations reduced phenolic accumulation and antioxidant potential while increasing retrotransposon-mediated genomic variability in flax. These results suggest that both biochemical markers (phenolics, antioxidant activity) and molecular indicators (IRAP polymorphism) are valuable tools for assessing salinity stress responses and can support the development of salt-tolerant cultivars in flax breeding programs. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.