Browsing by Author "Cihangir, E."

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Education for Sustainable Development (Esd) in Tourism-Oriented Vocational Degree Programmes in Turkey
(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Cihangir, E.; Şeremet, M.
Tourism is a trillion dollar global industry and accounts for 10.4% of the total GDP (WTTC 2018). The sector supports 313 million jobs, perhaps 1 in 10 jobs worldwide, and creates a tourism community involving local people, the sector, NGOs, policy-makers and, of course, the education sector (Knusden et al. 2007; Haigh 2006). However, tourism, as a term, has gone through many changes in the last three decades, many driven by the paradigms of neo-liberalism and post-modernism (Xu et al. 2014). In the early development stage, the penetration of tourism into society was mainly controlled by 'authenticity', which was later turned into a consumption-oriented economy guided by neoliberal concepts such as commercialisation and commodification (West and Carrier 2004). As it evolved into a highly profitable sector in the economy, emerging economies seized upon the development of tourism as a means of revitalizing local economies, redressing regional imbalances, and realising sustainable economic benefits. © Capital Publishing Company, New Delhi, India 2021.
Turkey's Tourism Recovery Process During Covid-19: Policy, Planning and Management
(Taylor and Francis, 2022) Cihangir-Çamur, K.; Cihangir, E.; Şeremet, M.
An Evaluation of Turkey’s Nature-Based Tourism Agenda: Policy, Planning, and Management
(Taylor and Francis, 2023) Şeremet, M.; Cihangir, E.; Cihangir-çamur, K.
This chapter critically reflects on Turkey’s nature-based policy planning and management approach through the analysis of empirical cases, official statistics, policy, and planning documents. Turkey’s tourism journey began in the early 1980s with the introduction of liberal policy. Nature-based tourism (NBT) was later supported by the provision of protection plans and laws, and the introduction of a number of classifications (e.g., National Park, Nature Conservation Area, Nature Park, Wildlife Development Area, Natural Monument, Wet Land of National Importance). Yet natural resources and environmental quality may be sacrificed in the cause of socio-economic development for tourism and its marketing strategies. In the meantime, some central planning approaches were not met by the locals’ expectations that cause the ‘rise’ of opposition in the Black Sea region, a unique Turkey NBT destination. The “high-lands” (or yayla in Turkish) in the region were mainly sacrificed to the central government’s mass tourism policy, while the country’s ‘western’ regions (West Mediterranean, Aegean and West Black Sea districts) tend to experience nature-based tourism more sustainably. Therefore, this chapter will provide a critical account of how Turkey incorporated NBT development into the overall tourism development agenda and how they tailor policies to design experiences to meet continuously evolving tourism demand. Particular attention will be given to the destination management offices’ roles, responsibilities, and practice in this process. © 2023 Taylor and Francis.