Browsing by Author "Denek, N"

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The Determination of Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy Levels of Some Forages Commonly Used in Ruminant Nutrition by in Vitro Methods
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
This study was carried out to determine the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibilities, and metabolizable energy levels of some forages commonly used in ruminant nutrition by 2 different in vitro methods: the enzyme technique and the 2- stage method (rumen fluid + HCl-pepcine). Seven different samples of alfalfa hays, sainfoin hay and grass hay, and 4 different samples of wheat straws, lentil straw, corn silage and sorghum silage were used in the experiment. DM digestibilities were 51.53% for alfalfa hay, 47.79% for sainfoin hay, 41.02% for grass hay, 30.15% for wheat straw, 47.81% for lentil straw, 63.74% for corn silage and 53.25% for sorghum silage by the enzyme technique (P < 0.05). OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels were 57.93% and 9.11 MJ/kg DM for alfalfa hays, 52.68% and 8.28 MJ/kg DM for sainfoin hay, 46.37% and 7.31 MJ/kg DM for grass hay, 33.73% and 5.25 MJ/kg DM for wheat straw, 53.49% and 8.19 MJ/kg DM for lentil straw, 67.92% and 10.74 MJ/kg DM for corn silage, and 56.75% and 8.88 MJ/kg DM for sorghum silage by enzyme technique (P < 0.05). DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels were 56.32%, 61.36% and 9.28 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for alfalfa hays, 50.21%, 56.21% and 9.07 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for sainfoin hay, 45.31%, 51.41% and 7.75 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for grass hay, 41.34%, 47.08% and 7.55 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for wheat straw, 49.67%, 56.56% and 9.16 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for lentil straw, 63.19%, 70.02% and 10.57 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for corn silage and 53.75%, 57.16% and 9.01 MJ/kg DM, respectively, for sorghum silage by the 2- stage method (P < 0.05). When the 2 techniques were compared, the estimations of DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels by both techniques were similar (P > 0.05) in all forages, except for wheat straw. DM and OM digestibilities and metabolizable energy levels of wheat straw were lower with the enzyme technique compared to the 2- stage method (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 2- stage method can be an alternative technique for determining forage digestibility and metabolic energy content to classical digestion trials.
The Determination of Energy Levels in Some Cereal Grains Used in Ruminant Diets by in Vivo and in Vitro Methods
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
The aim of this study was to determine the energy levels of some energy source grains commonly used in ruminant nutrition by in vivo and in vitro methods. To achieve this objective, corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat, and triticale (4 replicates) were utilized. The in vivo digestibility of grains was determined with a metabolism trial using 4 animals per sample in an incomplete block design. The in vitro digestibility of grains was determined using an enzyme technique. For this purpose, cellulase, hemicellulase, amylase and pepsin were used. The in vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of corn, barley, wheat, rye, oat and triticale were 83.81, 79.86, 81.34, 83.05, 75.50 and 84.00%; and 83.90, 81.50, 82.33, 83.84, 76.95 and 84.81%, respectively. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation content of grains, in the same order, were 15.94, 15.49,15.64, 15.93, 14.62 and 16.12 MJ/kg DM; 13.52, 12.76, 12.98, 13.12, 12.39 and 13.23 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 7.84, 7.99, 8.13, 7.52 and 8.21 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). The in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibilities of the grains, in the same order, were 81.21, 80.04, 81.04, 81.72, 62.05 and 84.17% 82.27, 81.07, 81.82, 82.66, 63.25 and 84.76%. Digestible energy, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation calculated by the in vitro method were 15.27, 14.98, 15.22, 15.07, 11.88 and 15.61 MJ/kg DM; 12.90, 12.51, 12.68, 12.68, 9.90 and 13.04 MJ/kg DM; and 8.41, 8.11, 8.23, 8.30, 6.79 and 8.43 MJ/kg DM (P < 0.05). In this study: a) in vivo and in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility were similar in all grains, except for oat; b) the enzyme technique can be used instead of the in vivo method for the calculation of metabolizable energy and net energy for the lactation content of barley, wheat and rye; c) the enzyme technique can replace the in vivo method for the calculation of the net energy for the lactation content for corn, and the metabolizable energy content for triticale; and d) the enzyme technique cannot be used instead of the in vivo method for oat.
The Effect of Urea and Molasses Addition Into Corn Harvested at the Milk Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Nutrient Yield
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Nursoy, H; Deniz, S; Demirel, M; Denek, N
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of urea or urea plus molasses addition into corn harvested at the milk stage on the silage quality and in vitro digestibility of silage. To achieve this objective, four different corn varieties (Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino and Arifiye) harvested at the milk stage were utilized. Silage samples were added 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea plus 4% molasses and ensiled in mini-silos (I L in volume). Silage samples were analyzed for chemical composition, pH and organic acids (lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acids). In vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and digestible DM yields of silages (kg/da) were also determined. Urea addition increased silage crude protein (CP) in addition to silage pH. Urea or urea plus molasses addition generally decreased silage lactic acid content, but these decreases were only significant in the Rx-947 and Frassino varieties. While silage acetic acid contents were not affected by urea and molasses addition, butyric acid concentration increased in the Frassino variety with urea addition, and decreased in the Arifiye variety with urea and urea + molasses and the 33-94 variety with urea + molasses addition. Urea plus molasses addition increased silage DM digestibility in the Frassino variety, but this effect was not significant for other varieties. Digestible DM yield's were not affected by additives (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea Plus 4% molasses into corn harvested at the milk stage improved the chemical composition of silages, but had no positive effect on silage quality.
The Effects of Maturity on Range Quality and Animal Performance
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2003) Karsli, MA; Deniz, S; Nursoy, H; Denek, N; Akdeniz, H
The objective of this study-was to determine the effects of maturity on the range quality and weight gain of male and female lambs, and the time at which supplementation is needed. The experiment was conducted at TIGEM Altindere Agricultural experiment station. At the start of the grazing season, four 4-m(2) areas from 3 different (expected to be heavily grazed) locations of range were excluded from grazing with cages. Dry matter (DM) yield and DM loss due to grazing at different periods of the grazing season were determined from these areas. Forage samples were collected from grazed and ungrazed areas once every two weeks from the 2(nd) week of May to the 2(nd) week of August. Parallel to forage sampling, 20 male and female lambs (a total of 40 lambs) grazing on the pasture were weighed once every two weeks to determine daily weight gains. Dry matter yield, chemical composition (DM, OM, ash, CP, NDF, and ADF) and in vitro DM digestibility of range were determined. Dry matter, NDF and ADF concentrations of forages increased (P < 0.01) and crude protein content decreased (P < 0.01), but organic matter and ash concentrations did not change with increasing maturity. The effect of grazing on the parameters mentioned above was not significant, but increasing maturity significantly affected DM digestibility and DM yields (P < 0.01). At the start of the experiment, DM digestibilities for grazed and ungrazed areas were 69.70 and 69.25%; they declined to 42.45 and 43.45% at the 7(th) sampling, respectively. Dry matter yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 54.69 and 69.64 for the V sampling, 81.88 and 120.54 for the 2(nd) sampling, 50.55 and 111.74 for the 3(rd) sampling, 59.10 and 97.13 for the 4(th) sampling, 32.82 and 78.81 for the 5(th) sampling, 38.06 and 67.61 for the 6(th) sampling, and 26.96 and 52.65 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Digestible DM yields for grazed and ungrazed areas were 37.82 and 48.12 for the 1(st) sampling, 51.50 and 78.41 for the 2(nd) sampling, 28.29 and 58.50 for the 3(rd) sampling, 30.15 and 48.18 for the 4(th) sampling, 16.12 and 37.65 for the 5(th) sampling, 17.76 and 31.56 for the 6(th) sampling, and 11.96 and 24.10 kg/da for the 7(th) sampling, respectively (P < 0.01). Both DM and digestible DIM yields were also affected by grazing (P < 0.01). Weight gains, determined parallel to forage sampling, during the 2(nd), 3(rd), and 4(th) periods were high (228, 263, and 182 g/d for male, and 252, 194, and 184 g/d for female lambs, respectively), but were very low after the 4(th) period. It is concluded that the range can meet the nutrient requirements of lambs for optimal weight gain during May and June, but lambs require an extra supplementation for optimal weight gain after June under Northern Anatolian conditions.
The Effects of Urea and Molasses Addition Into Corn Harvested at Early-Milk Stage on Silage Quality and Digestible Dry Matter Yield
(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey, 2004) Denek, N; Deniz, S
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of 0.5% urea or 0.5% urea plus 4% (w/w) molasses into corn varieties (Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino, and Arifjye) harvested at the early-milk stage on silage quality, in vitro digestibility and digestible dry matter (DM) yield. The addition of urea into silage increased the CP content (P < 0,05). The neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents of the control silages were 69.40 and 38.68 for Rx-947, 69.34 and 38.69 for 33-94, 62.67 and 34.93 for Frassino, and 64.35 and 37.04 for Arifiye (P < 0,05). The addition of urea or urea plus molasses into silage increased the silage pH in all varieties, except for Rx-947 (P < 0,05). The lactic, acetic, propionic and butyric acid contents of the silage samples were between 23.2 and 153.3, 7.8 and 23.4, 0.6 and 1.6, and 0.0 and 0.54 g/kg DM, respectively. The addition of urea or urea and molasses into Rx-947 and Frassino varieties and the addition of urea only into the 33-94 variety increased silage lactic acid levels. The addition of urea and molasses into Rx-947, Frassino and Arifiye varieties also increased silage acetic acid levels (P < 0,05). There was a significant difference only between the Frassino and Arifiye varieties on this parameter (P < 0,05). The addition of urea only into silage decreased DM digestibility; the addition of molasses with urea, however, eliminated this negative effect of urea on digestibilit in all varieties, except for Frassino (P < 0,05). Digestible DM yields of untreated silage were 863.68, 1142.43, 1044.43, and 1075.07 kg/decare (10 decares = 1 hectare) for Rx-947, 33-94, Frassino and Arifiye, respectively (P < 0,05). The digestible DM yield of untreated Rx-947 silage was significantly lower than those of the others (P < 0,05). It can be concluded that corn varieties harvested at the early-milk stage (20% DM) can be ensiled, and that urea and molasses can be used as silage additive to increase CP and energy content of silages.
The Possibilities of Using Sugar Beet Pulp Silage Produced by Different Methods in Lamb and Dairy Cow Rations - 3 - Digestibility and Lamb Fattening Trials
(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2002) Deniz, S; Denek, N; Nursoy, H; Oguz, MN
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate ensiling methods for more efficient and long lasting preservation of sugar beet pulp which is an energy rich cheap feedstuff For this reason during ensiling the dry matter of sugar beet pulp was increased to 20% by adding wheat straw or grass hay On the other hand 1 % urea + 5% beet molasses (SBPSM) and 0% urea + 5% beet molasses (SBPHM) were added to these silages containing wheat straw or grass hay respectively Two kinds of beet pulp silages corn silage and grass hay were utilized in lambs in this experiment In the digestion trial organic matter digestibilities were 60 39 58 99 55 80 and 60 03% (P<0 05) for corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay respectively Crude cellulose digestibilities were similar however crude protein digestibilitiy was greater in the group fed SBPSM silage than in the other groups (P<0 05) Crude protein digestibilities were 65 98 86 26 70 27 and 70 66 for corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay respectively In the fattening trial the silages and grass hay were fed ad libitum while the concentrates were limited to 30% of the requirement The trial lasted 60 days Total live weight gains were found to be 4 62 2 85 3 45 and 5 93 kg and daily weight gains were found to be 77 48 58 and 99 g in the corn silage SBPSM silage SBPHM silage and grass hay groups (P>0 05) respectively In conclusion when the dry matter concentration of sugar beet pulp was increased to 20% and supplemented with molasses a good quality silage can be obtained The digestibility rates of these silages may equal the nutritive value of corn silage but the value of both corn silage and the silages of sugar beet pulp in lamb fattening is questionable.