Browsing by Author "Hamed, M.H."

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Evaluation of Seasonal a Spatial Variation of Groundwater Quality by Determining Factors Associated With Water Quality Using Multivariate Analytical Methods, Erbil Central Sub-Basin
(Iraq Geological Survey, 2023) Hamed, M.H.; Disli, E.; Shukur, J.
The study area is located in the northern Iraqi province of Erbil, covering a total area of about 1400 Km2 (3.5% of Iraq). The Erbil basin is mostly covered by Quaternary sediments, with only a few outcrops of Miocene – Pliocene formations in the east and northeast of Sharabot-Dedawan highlands, Avanah Mountain in the west and southwest in narrow strips, and Damirdagh in the north. The lithology of sediments ranges from clay, silt, sand, and gravel (sandstone, clay stone, and conglomerate). Erbil Basin, also known as Dashty Hawler Basin, Erbil provinces is the largest groundwater reservoir, with a surface area of 3200 Km2 and a depth of approximately 800 meters. Erbil Basin, one of the Middle East's most important groundwater basins, is bounded on the north by the Greater Zab River and on the south by the Lesser Zab River. Thirty water samples (27 samples of groundwater wells, and 3 samples of wastewater channels) were collected during May (Water surplus period) and September (Water deficit period) 2020 in Erbil central sub-basin and analyzed. Physical analyses include temperature (T), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Total Suspension sediments (TSS), whereas the geochemical analysis included concentration determination of the major, minor and trace elements. This article aims to evaluate the pollution in groundwater of the Erbil central sub-basin due to different kinds of wastewater, the samples of water in the study area were collected from different locations and sources, deep wells, and waste. all chemical, physical, and trace elements parameters are presented in this work, the pollution has been founded in the study area due to waste water by Kahrez (old groundwater distribution in Erbil basin), cesspools, and septic tanks. © 2023, Iraq Geological Survey. All rights reserved.
Hydrogeochemical Evolution Processes, Groundwater Quality, and Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Nitrate-Enriched Groundwater To Human Health in Different Seasons in the Hawler (Erbil) and Bnaslawa Urbans, Iraq
(Springer, 2024) Tawfeeq, J.M.-S.; Dişli, E.; Hamed, M.H.
The main objectives of this research are to assess groundwater, a primary source of drinking water in the urban areas of Hawler (Erbil) and Bnaslawa in northern Iraq, and the non-carcinogenic human health risks of nitrate contamination associated with drinking water quality. For this purpose, twenty-seven groundwater samples were collected from wells to assess the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater quality for both natural and anthropogenic purposes during the wet (May 2020) and dry (September 2020) seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, NO3− in groundwater ranged from 14.00 to 61.00 mg/L and 12.00 to 60.00 mg/L, with an average value of 35.70 and 29.00 mg/L, respectively. Approximately 25.92% of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of the WHO (2011) drinking water standard. The ratios of NO3−/Na+ vs. Cl−/Na+ and SO42−/Na+ vs. NO3−/Na+ indicate the effect of agricultural activities and wastewater leaking from cesspools or septic tanks on the quality of groundwater during the wet and dry seasons. The entropy weighted water quality index method ranked 62.5% and 75% of the urban groundwater as not recommended for drinking, and the remaining samples are moderately suitable in both wet and dry seasons. The non-carcinogenic human health risk assessment displayed that during the wet and dry seasons, 29.6% and 25.9% of adults, 48% and 30% of children, and 48.1% and 29.6% of infants were exposed to increased concentrations of nitrate in groundwater. Due to high nitrate in drinking water, non-carcinogenic human health risk levels vary as infant > child > adults. The main findings obtained from this study can assist policymakers in better understanding the hydrogeochemical properties of groundwater in terms of drinking water safety, thereby facilitating the management of water resources to take the necessary measures. © The Author(s) 2024.