Browsing by Author "Ozcelik, Oguz"

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Anaerobic Threshold and Respiratory Compensation Point on Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidations During Exercise in Sedentary Males
(Mattioli 1885, 2020) Ugras, Seda; Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Study Objectives: Anaerobic threshold (AT) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) are two important metabolic set points. We aimed to determine the effects of exercise intensity at AT and RCP on the balance of substrate oxidation rates. Methods: Eleven male participants performed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to estimate AT and RCP. Subsequently, we conducted three 30 minute constant load exercise tests at AT (W-AT), RCP (W-RCP) and 25% below AT (W-
Comprehensive Review of Animal Models in Diabetes Research Using Chemical Agents
(Sage Publications inc, 2025) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Diabetes mellitus, characterized by insufficient insulin secretion and impaired insulin efficacy, disrupts carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. The global diabetic population is expected to double by 2025, from 380 million, posing a significant health challenge. Most diabetic individuals fall into the type 1 or type 2 categories, and diabetes adversely affects various organs, such as the kidneys, liver, nervous system, reproductive system, and eyes.This review focuses on animal models of diabetes induced by chemical agents, which are essential tools for understanding disease mechanisms, investigating complications, and testing antidiabetic drugs. Models include those caused by streptozotocin (STZ), alloxan, ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA), dithizone, and anti-insulin serum.Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes models create type 1 and 2 diabetes by destroying pancreatic beta cells. The combination of STZ with nicotinamide mimics type 2 diabetes phenotypes. Alloxan induces a hyperglycemic state by causing free radical formation that selectively destroys pancreatic beta cells. Fe-NTA and dithizone also create diabetes models by damaging pancreatic beta cells. Anti-insulin serum models induce insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by generating antibodies against insulin receptors, leading to a condition similar to type 1 diabetes.Each model has unique characteristics that make it suitable for different aspects of diabetes research. These models are used to understand the pathogenesis of diabetes, develop new treatment strategies, and evaluate the efficacy of potential drugs. Le diab & egrave;te sucr & eacute;, caract & eacute;ris & eacute; par une s & eacute;cr & eacute;tion insuffisante d'insuline et une efficacit & eacute; r & eacute;duite de l'insuline, perturbe le m & eacute;tabolisme des glucides, des prot & eacute;ines et des lipides. La population mondiale actuelle de 380 millions de diab & eacute;tiques devrait doubler d'ici 2025, ce qui pose un probl & egrave;me de sant & eacute; important. La plupart des personnes diab & eacute;tiques entrent dans les cat & eacute;gories de type 1 ou de type 2. Le diab & egrave;te affecte n & eacute;gativement divers organes, tels que les reins, le foie, le syst & egrave;me nerveux, le syst & egrave;me reproducteur et les yeux.Cette revue se concentre sur les mod & egrave;les animaux de diab & egrave;te induit par des agents chimiques, qui sont des outils essentiels pour comprendre les m & eacute;canismes de la maladie, & eacute;tudier les complications et tester les m & eacute;dicaments antidiab & eacute;tiques. Les mod & egrave;les incluent ceux caus & eacute;s par la streptozotocine (STZ), l'alloxane, le nitrilotriac & eacute;tate ferrique (Fe-NTA), la dithizone et le s & eacute;rum anti-insuline.Les mod & egrave;les de diab & egrave;te induits par la streptozotocine (STZ) cr & eacute;ent un diab & egrave;te de type 1 et 2 en d & eacute;truisant les cellules b & ecirc;ta pancr & eacute;atiques. La combinaison de STZ et de nicotinamide imite les ph & eacute;notypes du diab & egrave;te de type 2. L'alloxane induit un & eacute;tat hyperglyc & eacute;mique en provoquant la formation de radicaux libres qui d & eacute;truisent s & eacute;lectivement les cellules b & ecirc;ta pancr & eacute;atiques. Le nitrilotriac & eacute;tate ferrique (Fe-NTA) et la dithizone cr & eacute;ent & eacute;galement des mod & egrave;les de diab & egrave;te en endommageant les cellules b & ecirc;ta pancr & eacute;atiques. Les mod & egrave;les s & eacute;riques anti-insuline induisent la r & eacute;sistance & agrave; l'insuline et l'hyperglyc & eacute;mie en g & eacute;n & eacute;rant des anticorps contre les r & eacute;cepteurs de l'insuline, conduisant ainsi & agrave; une condition similaire au diab & egrave;te de type 1.Chaque mod & egrave;le poss & egrave;de des caract & eacute;ristiques uniques qui le rendent adapt & eacute; & agrave; diff & eacute;rents aspects de la recherche sur le diab & egrave;te. Ces mod & egrave;les sont utilis & eacute;s pour comprendre la pathogen & egrave;se du diab & egrave;te, d & eacute;velopper de nouvelles strat & eacute;gies de traitement et & eacute;valuer l'efficacit & eacute; de m & eacute;dicaments potentiels. Der durch eine unzureichende Insulinsekretion und eine verminderte Insulinwirkung gekennzeichnete Diabetes mellitus bezeichnet eine St & ouml;rung des Kohlenhydrat-, Protein- und Fettstoffwechsels. Es wird erwartet, dass sich die Zahl der Diabetiker weltweit bis 2025 von 380 Millionen verdoppeln wird, was eine erhebliche gesundheitliche Herausforderung darstellt. Die meisten Diabetiker fallen in die Kategorien Typ 1 oder Typ 2, und die Krankheit beeintr & auml;chtigt verschiedene Organe wie Nieren, Leber, Nervensystem, Fortpflanzungssystem und Augen.Diese Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf Tiermodelle f & uuml;r durch chemische Substanzen ausgel & ouml;sten Diabetes, die ein wichtiges Instrument f & uuml;r das Verst & auml;ndnis der Krankheitsmechanismen, die Untersuchung von Komplikationen und die Pr & uuml;fung von Antidiabetika sind. Zu den Modellen geh & ouml;ren solche, die durch Streptozotocin (STZ), Alloxan, Eisen-Nitrilotriacetat (Fe-NTA), Dithizon und Anti-Insulin-Serum verursacht werden.Streptozotocin (STZ)-induzierte Diabetesmodelle erzeugen Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes durch Zerst & ouml;rung der Betazellen der Bauchspeicheldr & uuml;se. Die Kombination von STZ mit Nicotinamid ahmt den Ph & auml;notyp des Typ-2-Diabetes nach. Alloxan l & ouml;st einen hyperglyk & auml;mischen Zustand durch die Bildung freier Radikale aus, die selektiv die Betazellen der Bauchspeicheldr & uuml;se zerst & ouml;ren. Nitrilotriacetat aus Eisen (Fe-NTA) und Dithizon erzeugen ebenfalls Diabetesmodelle, indem sie die Betazellen der Bauchspeicheldr & uuml;se sch & auml;digen. Anti-Insulin-Serum-Modelle induzieren Insulinresistenz und Hyperglyk & auml;mie durch die Bildung von Antik & ouml;rpern gegen Insulinrezeptoren, was zu einer dem Typ-1-Diabetes & auml;hnlichen Erkrankung f & uuml;hrt.Jedes Modell hat spezielle Charakteristiken, die es f & uuml;r verschiedene Aspekte der Diabetesforschung qualifizieren. Diese Modelle dienen dazu, Aufschluss & uuml;ber die Entstehung von Diabetes zu gewinnen, neue Behandlungsstrategien zu entwickeln und die Wirksamkeit potenzieller Medikamente zu bewerten. La diabetes mellitus, que se caracteriza por una secreci & oacute;n insuficiente de insulina y un deterioro de su eficacia, altera el metabolismo de los hidratos de carbono, las prote & iacute;nas y los l & iacute;pidos. La poblaci & oacute;n diab & eacute;tica mundial se espera que se duplique, superando los 380 millones para el a & ntilde;o 2025, lo que plantea un desaf & iacute;o significativo para la salud. La mayor & iacute;a de las personas con diabetes pertenecen a las categor & iacute;as de tipo 1 o tipo 2, y la diabetes afecta negativamente a varios & oacute;rganos, como los ri & ntilde;ones, el h & iacute;gado, el sistema nervioso, el sistema reproductivo y los ojos.Este estudio se centra en los modelos de animales con diabetes inducida por agentes qu & iacute;micos, que son herramientas esenciales para comprender los mecanismos de la enfermedad, investigar las complicaciones y probar los f & aacute;rmacos antidiab & eacute;ticos. Los modelos incluyen los provocados por la estreptozotocina (STZ), el aloxano, el nitrilotriacetato f & eacute;rrico (Fe-NTA), la ditizona y el suero antiinsul & iacute;nico.Los modelos con diabetes inducida por estreptozotocina (STZ) crean diabetes de tipo 1 y 2 al destruir las c & eacute;lulas beta pancre & aacute;ticas. La combinaci & oacute;n de STZ con nicotinamida imita los fenotipos de la diabetes de tipo 2. El aloxano induce un estado hipergluc & eacute;mico al provocar la formaci & oacute;n de radicales libres que destruyen selectivamente las c & eacute;lulas beta pancre & aacute;ticas. El nitrilotriacetato f & eacute;rrico (Fe-NTA) y la ditizona tambi & eacute;n generan modelos con diabetes al da & ntilde;ar las c & eacute;lulas beta pancre & aacute;ticas. Los modelos con suero antiinsulina inducen resistencia a la insulina e hiperglucemia al generar anticuerpos contra receptores de insulina, lo que conduce a una afecci & oacute;n similar a la diabetes tipo 1.Cada modelo tiene caracter & iacute;sticas & uacute;nicas que lo hacen adecuado para diferentes aspectos de la investigaci & oacute;n sobre la diabetes. Estos modelos se utilizan para comprender la patog & eacute;nesis de la diabetes, desarrollar nuevas estrategias de tratamiento y evaluar la eficacia de posibles f & aacute;rmacos.
Determination of Substrate Utilisation Rate and Amounts During Low and Moderate Intensity Constant Load Exercise Test
(Wiley, 2017) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Determination of the Relationships Between Anaerobic Threshold and O2 Pulse During Constant Load and Incremental Exercise Tests
(Wiley, 2017) Ozcelik, Oguz; Algul, Sermin
Effects of Morning and Nocturnal Soccer Matches on Levels of Some Trace Elements in Young Trained Males
(C M B Assoc, 2019) Algul, Sermin; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Baltaci, Saltuk Bugra; Ozcelik, Oguz
The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate effect of morning and nocturnal soccer matches induced metabolic stress on plasma levels of iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Twenty male footballers performed two soccer matches in morning and at night on different days. Blood samples were taken before and tiller match. The levels of Fe, Zn and Cu were measured through an atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metabolic stress was evaluated by altered malondialdehyde (MDA) levels that measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. In morning and at nocturnal soccer matches, levels of MDA (36% and 27%), Fe (37.4% and 38.9%) and Cu (34.8% and 26.8%) were all increased in all subjects, respectively. However, Zn level decreased -4.5 % in morning (n=10 subjects) and -9.4% at nocturnal (n=12 subjects) soccer matches. In addition, Cu/Zn ratio increased significantly 46.6% in morning and 36.6% at nocturnal soccer matches. Soccer match has significant effects on levels of MDA, Fe and Cu but not Zn levels. The results of this study showed that morning soccer match significantly alters levels of MDA and Cu and Cu/Zn ratio compared to nocturnal soccer match.
Effects of Training Status on Ventilatory Efficiency During Incremental Exercise Test
(Wiley, 2017) Ozdenk, Cagri.; Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Evaluating the Energy Regulatory Hormones of Nesfatin-1, Irisin, Adropin and Preptin in Multiple Sclerosis
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Background: Nesfatin-1, irisin, adropin and preptin were originally introduced as energy regulatory hormones. However, the results of studies revealed that these hormones may also have important roles in inflammation, immune function and neurological impairment. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by progressive inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss in the central nervous system. We aimed to evaluate nesfatin-1, irisin, adropin and preptin hormones in patients with MS accompanied by inflammation and central nervous system dysfunction.Materials and methods: A total of 110 subjects (65 patients with relapsing-remitting MS and 45 healthy individuals as control group) were included in this study. Venous blood samples were collected between 7:30 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. Serum concentrations of all markers were measured by enzyme linked immunoassay methods. The unpaired t-test was used to investigate between-group differences.Results: The nesfatin-1, irisin, adropin and preptin levels were found to be significantly lower in the MS group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: In the present study, circulating nesfatin-1, irisin, adropin and preptin levels were decreased in patients with MS. However, the pathogenesis of MS and the underlying molecular mechanism of these hormones in MS have still not been elucidated. Further investigations with larger sample sizes and longer periods are required to obtain satisfactory information. In conclusion, the energy regulatory hormones of nesfatin-1, irisin, adropin and preptin may have potential for the development of new therapeutic targets for treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Evaluating the Impact of Metabolic and Cognitive Stress on Ghrelin and Nesfatin-1 Hormones in Patients With Diabetes and Diabetic Depression
(Wiley, 2024) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin, initially recognised as hormones involved in regulating energy, have emerged as crucial players with vital functions in various human body systems. In this study, we conducted a comparative assessment of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin responses in individuals experiencing metabolic stress due to diabetes, those with depressive diabetes characterised by both metabolic and mental stress, and healthy controls. We collected blood samples from a total of 90 participants, consisting of 30 people with type II diabetes mellitus (DM), 30 people with type II DM and major depressive disorders, and 30 healthy individuals. Diabetes was diagnosed based on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, while depression was assessed using DSM-V criteria. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated, and serum ghrelin and nesfatin-1 levels were measured using ELISA kits. We observed statistically significant decreases in nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels in the diabetic group (p < 0.0001). However, in the depressive diabetic group, nesfatin-1 levels increased significantly, while ghrelin levels decreased further. The nesfatin-1 to ghrelin ratio decreased in the diabetic group but increased significantly in the depressive diabetic group (p < 0.0001). Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin hormones exhibit parallel impacts in response to metabolic stress, but nesfatin-1 demonstrates contrasting actions compared to ghrelin when mental stress is added to metabolic stress. The findings of this study suggest that nesfatin-1 and ghrelin hormones may play active roles as protective, prognostic, and even etiological factors in various stress situations, particularly those involving mental stress, in addition to their known functions in regulating energy.
Evaluating the Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Ghrelin Hormones in Patients With Moderate and Severe Major Depressive Disorders
(Korean Neuropsychiatric Assoc, 2018) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Objective The goal of this study was to evaluate the importance of nesfatin-1, acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, which are known as energy regulatory hormones, in patients with moderate and severe major depression disorders (MDD). Methods Thirty patients with a moderate degree of MDD and, 30 with a severe degree of MDD were used as participants in this study. Thirty subjects without depression were enrolled as a control group. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to classify the patients with MDD. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting. The plasma nesfatin-1, acylated ghrelin and des-acylated ghrelin levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Results The nesfatin-1, the acylated ghrelin and the des-acylated ghrelin levels were found to be significantly higher in severe MDD (3.92 +/- 0.4 ng/mL; 88.56 +/- 4.1 pg/mL; 962.76 +/- 67 pg/mL) as compared to moderate MDD (2.91 +/- 0.5 ng/mL; 77.63 +/- 4.19 pg/mL; 631.16 +/- 35 pg/mL), or the control (1.01 +/- 0.3 ng/mL; 58.60 +/- 9.00 pg/mL; 543.13 +/- 62 pg/mL), respectively. Conclusion Although nesfatin-1 and ghrelin are known as adversely affecting the hormones involving the regulation of appetite and food intake, they all increase in depressive patients and are even associated with the severity of the disease. In clinical medicine, the evaluation of the role of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in endocrine and neu-roendocrine regulation of major metabolic functions is an important key mechanism in solving numerous diseases associated with endocrine and neuroendocrine disturbance. Increased levels of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin may also be important criteria in describing the prognoses of the patients and the effectiveness of the treatments.
Evaluation of Aerobic Exercise Induced Metabolic Stress on Serum Asprosin Levels: Comparison of Fitness Status
(Mattioli 1885, 2021) Algul, Sermin; Deniz, Gulnihal; Alp, Hamit Hakan; Ugras, Seda; Ozcelik, Oguz
We comparatively evaluated effects of aerobic exercise performed morning and afternoon on asprosin levels in young trained, sedentary males. A total of fifty male subjects (trained n=25, sedentary n=25) participated in morning and afternoon aerobic running exercises to approximately 70% of the subject's maximal heart rate for about 45 min. Pre- and post-exercise venous blood samples were taken and analysed for asprosin using ELISA. Serum CK and MDA levels were determined by measuring with an autoanalysers and a HPLC, respectively. Asprosin, CK and MDA levels increased significantly at the end of both morning (p<0.05), and afternoon (p<0.05) exercises in the trained and sedentary group. At the end of the acute running exercise in the trained group in the morning, the asprosine, MDA and CK levels increased by 24%, 29% and 32%; while they increased by 24%, 30%, and 40% in the afternoon, respectively. In the sedentary group, asprosin, MDA and CK levels increased by 31%, 38% and 31% after the acute running exercise in the morning, while the asprosin, MDA and CK levels increased by 34%, 58% and 42% after the acute running exercise in the afternoon, respectively. Asprosin levels increased in all subjects in both aerobic exercise tests without correlating increase of MDA and CK. Altered asprosin levels could be related other factors rather than metabolic and muscular stress parameters.
Individual Variation of Leptin, Nesfatin-1 and Irisin Levels During Aerobic Exercise Performed Morning and Night in Trained and Untrained Male Subjects
(Wiley-blackwell, 2016) Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Influence of Exercise Intensity on Ventilation During Constant Load Exercise Test in Sedentary Male Subjects
(Wiley-blackwell, 2016) Ugur, Fethi Ahmet; Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Menstrual Cycle and Exercise
(Mattioli 1885, 2022) Agul, Sermin; Alp, Busra; Ozcelik, Oguz
Menstruation is the biological rhythm that women experience every 28 +/- 7 days. Menstruation is de-fined as an endometrial rash and continues from menarche to menopause. There are increasing and decreasing hormonal changes during this cycle. Ovarian follicles and hormones (estrogen and progesterone) secreted from the corpus luteum cause some cyclic changes in the endometrium. Changes in the wall of the uterus constitute the endometrial cycle, which is called the menstrual cycle or menstrual period.Exercise is a physical activity that affects many systems such as the heart and musculoskeletal system and the health and fitness of the indi-vidual. As it affects many systems, this cyclical event, which is performed regularly by women, is also effective on menstruation. Menstruation phases, exercise type, exercise duration and continuity, and exercise intensity affect this cycle. This review will evaluate how different exercises and intensity affect the menstrual cycle.
Nesfatin-1 and Irisin Levels in Response To the Soccer Matches Performed in Morning, Afternoon and at Night in Young Trained Male Subjects
(C M B Assoc, 2018) Ozcelik, Oguz; Algul, Sermin; Yilmaz, Bayram
This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of acute soccer matches performed in morning, afternoon and at night on both nesfatin-1 and irisin levels in trained subjects. Total of 20 male subjects performed in soccer matches at three different times of day: morning, afternoon, and night. Pre- and post-match venous blood samples were taken, and levels of both nesfatin-1 and irisin were analysed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following all matches, the subjects' irisin levels increased significantly in all subjects (p < 0.0001). Nesfatin-1 levels were also increased after the matches; however, the increase was statistically significant for morning (P=0.01) and night-time (p=0.009). The subjects' nesfatin-1 levels did not increase in all subjects and decrease of nesfatin-1 levels observed in some subjects after matches. This study finds that soccer matches performed different workout times have strong stimulatory effects on irisin levels in all subjects but nesfatin-1 response varied among the subjects and it did not change significantly in afternoon match.
The Outstanding Beneficial Roles of Irisin Disorders
(Via Medica, 2022) Ilcin, Saadet; Algul, Sermin; Ozcelik, Oguz
Depression is a widely observed psychiatric disorder that affects a quite large number of people all around the world. A major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease that IS associated with fluctuations in appetite, body weight, and energy situations in addition to serious mood problems. The aim of this review is to investigate a possible link between energy regulatory hormones of irisin and depressive disorders. Irisin is a hormone that plays a significant role in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Irisin was also reported to play significant roles in the central nervous system. In the literature there are reports indicating a beneficial antidepressant role of irisin in MDD. It should be emphasised that the antidepressive effects of exercise could be the result of exercise-induced increased hormones of irisin.
Response of Some Trace Elements To Soccer Match Performed Different Times of Day in Young Sedentary Male
(Mattioli 1885, 2022) Algul, Sermin; Baltaci, Saltuk Bugra; Bengu, Aydin Sukru; Ozcelik, Oguz
Objective: We aimed to examine effects of soccer match induced metabolic stress on levels of some trace elements. Materials and Methods: Fourteen sedentary male subjects randomly performed three indoor soccer matches (2 x 30 minute) in morning, afternoon and at night on different days. Venous blood samples were taken before and after match. Plasma malondialdehyde levels measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Total antioxidant capacity and total oxidant capacity were estimated using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Plasma iron, copper and zinc levels was measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Results: Significant increases were found in iron, malondialdehyde and total oxidant capacity in all matches (p<0.0001). Zinc decreased (p<0.0001) in morning but increases at night soccer a match (p<0.0001) which is opposite to copper. Conclusions:There was no significant correlation between increased stress parameters and trace element levels. However, time of soccer match causes opposite influence on levels of zinc and copper.
Variations in Leptin, Nesfatin-1 and Irisin Levels Induced by Aerobic Exercise in Young Trained and Untrained Male Subjects
(inst Sport, 2017) Algul, Sermin; Ozdenk, Cagri; Ozcelik, Oguz
The aims of this study were to investigate the impacts of acute aerobic exercise on circulating levels of hormones associated with energy metabolism, namely leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin, in trained and untrained male subjects and to determine whether the timing of the exercise (i.e. morning or night) amplified these impacts. Thirty trained (19.2 +/- 0.7 years) and 30 untrained (19.5 +/- 0.6 years) male subjects performed two aerobic running exercises (3 days between tests) to 64-76% of the subjects' maximal heart rate for about 30 min. Pre- and post-exercise venous blood samples were taken and analysed for leptin, nesfatin-1 and irisin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paired samples and independent samples t-tests were used to analyse data. Irisin levels increased in all the subjects (p<0.001). In both groups, nesfatin-1 levels increased significantly after the night-time exercise (p<0.05). Importantly, leptin and nesfatin-1 levels varied among the trained and untrained groups: Both leptin and nesfatin-1 levels increased in 4 (13%) and 12 (40%) subjects, respectively, after the morning exercises, and they increased in 9 (30%) and 10 (33%) subjects, respectively, after the night-time exercise. They decreased in 5 (16%) and 7 (23%) subjects, respectively, after the morning exercise and in 6 (20%) and 3 (10%) subjects, respectively, after the night-time exercise. Exercise may result in increased energy consumption by altering irisin levels. However, due to variations among individuals, increasing leptin and nesfatin-1 levels by reducing food intake may not be applicable.