İntravenöz İmmünoglobin (IVIG) Tedavisi Alan İmmün Trombositopeni (ITP) Hastalarında Tedavi Yanıtını Etkileyen Klinik ve Laboratuar Parametrelerinin İncelenmesi
Abstract
İmmün trombositopeni (İTP), klinik olarak belirgin bir neden olmaksızın ortaya çıkan izole trombositopeni ile karakterize, edinsel ve otoimmün kökenli bir hematolojik hastalıktır. Hem çocukluk hem de erişkin yaş grubunda görülebilen İTP, eşlik eden herhangi bir hastalığın varlığına göre primer veya sekonder olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Erişkinlerde sıklıkla sinsi başlangıçlıdır, kronik seyir gösterir ve kadınlarda erkeklere oranla daha sık izlenmektedir. Yaşlı bireylerde ise cinsiyet dağılımı daha dengeli olabilmektedir. Spontan iyileşme nadirdir ve çoğunlukla tedavi gerektiren bir süreç izler (5, 6). Hastalığın patogenezinde, B lenfositleri tarafından üretilen trombosit yüzey antijenlerine karşı gelişen IgG sınıfı otoantikorlar etkili olup, bu antikorlar megakaryositlerin trombosit üretimini baskılamakta ve dolaşımdaki trombositlerin yıkımını hızlandırmaktadır. Bazı hastalarda ise T hücre aracılı immün disregülasyon ön planda olabilir. Bu grup hastalarda standart immünosüpresif ajanlara, özellikle de intravenöz immünoglobulin (IVIG) veya rituksimab gibi tedavilere yanıt daha düşük düzeyde seyredebilir (7, 13, 19). İTP tanısı, trombositopeninin varlığının gösterilmesi ve diğer trombositopeni nedenlerinin dışlanmasına dayanır. Klinik bulgular, trombosit sayısındaki azalma ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Kanama bulguları dışında çoğu hastada fizik muayene ve sistemik incelemeler genellikle normaldir. Kanama riski açısından kritik trombosit düzeyi çoğunlukla <30.000/μL olarak kabul edilmekte, ancak eşlik eden ciddi kanama varlığında bu eşik değerin üzerindeki hastalarda da tedavi ihtiyacı doğabilmektedir (6, 28). İTP yönetiminde temel amaç, klinik olarak anlamlı ve hayati risk oluşturabilecek kanamaları önlemeye yetecek düzeyde bir trombosit sayısının sağlanmasıdır. Bu hedef doğrultusunda, tüm hastalarda trombosit değerinin normal referans aralığına getirilmesi hedeflenmez. Tedaviye başlama kararı, esas olarak hastanın semptomatolojisine ve kanama eğilimine göre verilir. Klinik tabloda en sık purpura, menoraji, epistaksis ve diş eti kanamaları yer alırken; gastrointestinal sistem kanamaları ve hematüri daha nadir görülmektedir. İntraserebral kanama, hastaların yaklaşık %1'inde meydana gelir ve mortalitenin en önemli nedenlerinden biridir (6, 29). Bu çalışmanın amacı; retrospektif olarak değerlendirilen İTP tanılı hastalarda, intravenöz immünoglobulin (IVIG) tedavisine verilen yanıtları ve bu yanıtların sürdürülebilirliğini incelemek; bu tedaviye verilen yanıtların, çeşitli klinik ve laboratuvar parametreleri ile ilişkisinin olup olmadığını değerlendirmektir. Yanıt kriteri olarak trombosit sayısının >30.000/μL'ye yükselmesi, remisyon kriteri olarak >100.000/μL'ye ulaşması ve relaps durumu olarak da trombosit sayısının bu eşiklerin altına gerilemesi esas alınmıştır.
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune hematologic disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia without a clinically apparent cause. ITP can be observed in both pediatric and adult populations and is classified as either primary or secondary depending on the presence of an associated underlying condition. In adults, it typically has an insidious onset, follows a chronic course, and is observed more frequently in women than in men. However, in elderly individuals, the gender distribution tends to be more balanced. Spontaneous remission is rare, and the disease generally requires treatment (5, 6). The pathogenesis of the disease involves IgG-class autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes against platelet surface antigens. These antibodies suppress platelet production by megakaryocytes and accelerate the destruction of circulating platelets. In some patients, T cell-mediated immune dysregulation may predominate. In this subgroup, the response to standard immunosuppressive agents—particularly treatments like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or rituximab—may be lower (7, 13, 19). The diagnosis of ITP is based on the demonstration of thrombocytopenia and the exclusion of other causes of low platelet count. Clinical findings are directly related to the degree of thrombocytopenia. Aside from bleeding symptoms, most patients typically have normal physical examinations and systemic evaluations. A platelet count below 30,000/μL is generally considered critical in terms of bleeding risk; however, the need for treatment may arise even in patients with higher counts if significant bleeding is present (6, 28). The primary goal in the management of ITP is to maintain a platelet count sufficient to prevent clinically significant and life-threatening bleeding. Accordingly, the treatment goal is not to restore the platelet count to the normal reference range in all patients. The decision to initiate treatment is mainly based on the patient's symptomatology and bleeding tendency. The most common clinical manifestations include purpura, menorrhagia, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding; gastrointestinal bleeding and hematuria are less frequently observed. Intracerebral hemorrhage occurs in approximately 1% of patients and is one of the leading causes of mortality (6, 29). The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in patients diagnosed with ITP, assess the sustainability of this response, and determine whether the treatment response is associated with various clinical and laboratory parameters. The response criterion was defined as an increase in platelet count to >30,000/μL, remission as a count reaching >100,000/μL, and relapse as a decrease below these thresholds.
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired autoimmune hematologic disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia without a clinically apparent cause. ITP can be observed in both pediatric and adult populations and is classified as either primary or secondary depending on the presence of an associated underlying condition. In adults, it typically has an insidious onset, follows a chronic course, and is observed more frequently in women than in men. However, in elderly individuals, the gender distribution tends to be more balanced. Spontaneous remission is rare, and the disease generally requires treatment (5, 6). The pathogenesis of the disease involves IgG-class autoantibodies produced by B lymphocytes against platelet surface antigens. These antibodies suppress platelet production by megakaryocytes and accelerate the destruction of circulating platelets. In some patients, T cell-mediated immune dysregulation may predominate. In this subgroup, the response to standard immunosuppressive agents—particularly treatments like intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or rituximab—may be lower (7, 13, 19). The diagnosis of ITP is based on the demonstration of thrombocytopenia and the exclusion of other causes of low platelet count. Clinical findings are directly related to the degree of thrombocytopenia. Aside from bleeding symptoms, most patients typically have normal physical examinations and systemic evaluations. A platelet count below 30,000/μL is generally considered critical in terms of bleeding risk; however, the need for treatment may arise even in patients with higher counts if significant bleeding is present (6, 28). The primary goal in the management of ITP is to maintain a platelet count sufficient to prevent clinically significant and life-threatening bleeding. Accordingly, the treatment goal is not to restore the platelet count to the normal reference range in all patients. The decision to initiate treatment is mainly based on the patient's symptomatology and bleeding tendency. The most common clinical manifestations include purpura, menorrhagia, epistaxis, and gingival bleeding; gastrointestinal bleeding and hematuria are less frequently observed. Intracerebral hemorrhage occurs in approximately 1% of patients and is one of the leading causes of mortality (6, 29). The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in patients diagnosed with ITP, assess the sustainability of this response, and determine whether the treatment response is associated with various clinical and laboratory parameters. The response criterion was defined as an increase in platelet count to >30,000/μL, remission as a count reaching >100,000/μL, and relapse as a decrease below these thresholds.
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İç Hastalıkları, Internal Diseases
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