Teachers' Perception of Self-Efficacy Regarding Distance Education and Obstacles Which They Encounter in Distance Education During Pandemic Process
Abstract
Covid-19 pandemisiyle beraber tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de zorunlu olarak uzaktan eğitime geçilmiştir. Bu çalışma, 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılı uzaktan eğitime mecburi ve hızlı geçiş süreci ile birlikte öğretmenlerin öz-yeterlik algılarını ve bu süreçte karşılaştıkları engelleri ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Örneklem grubu, Van ili Millî Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı ilk ve orta dereceli okullarda görev yapan 381 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin öz-yeterlik algılarını ortaya çıkarmak için çalışma kapsamında 36 maddeden oluşan bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Yine öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitim sürecinde karşılaştıkları engelleri belirlemek için orijinali İngilizce olan ve Almanthari vd. (2020) tarafından geliştirilen 21 maddelik Uzaktan eğitimde karşılaşılan engeller anketi Türkçe 'ye çevrilmiş ve uzman görüşleri dikkate alınarak madde sayısı 25'e çıkarılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda Öğretmenlerin Uzaktan Eğitime İlişkin Öz-yeterlik Algı ölçeği 5 tane alt faktörden oluşmuştur. Ölçeğin tamamına ilişkin Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .966 bulunmuştur. Teknik Öz-yeterlik alt boyutu Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .934 bulunmuştur. Öğretimsel İçerik Öz-yeterlik alt boyutu Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .910 bulunmuştur. Öğretimde Teknoloji Kullanımı Öz-yeterlik alt boyutu Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .936 bulunmuştur. Uzaktan Eğitim Yazılımsal Öz-yeterlik alt boyutu Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .915 bulunmuştur. Duygusal İletişim Öz-yeterlik alt boyutunun ise Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı .828 bulunmuştur. Uzaktan eğitimde karşılaşılan engeller anketine ilişiklin Cronbach's Alpha Güvenirlik Katsayısı ise .820 bulunmuştur. Analizler sonucunda elde edilen bulgularda öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin öz-yeterlik algıları öğretmenlerin cinsiyet, çalıştıkları öğretim kademesi, sahip oldukları mobil cihaz ve uzaktan eğitimde EBA kullanımı değişkenlerinde anlamlı farklılık olmadığı görülmüştür. Branş, mesleki çalışma süresi, kişisel bilgisayara sahip olunması, evde internet bağlantısı olması, uzaktan eğitimle ilgili bir eğitim almış olması, uzaktan eğitimde ZOOM kullanmış olması ve canlı sınıf teknolojisini kullanım değişkenleri açısından ise anlamlı farklılık görülmüştür. Uzaktan eğitim sürecine ilişkin olarak öğretmenler tarafından çok yüksek düzeyde engel olarak görülen maddeler; ders materyalleri ve öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitim konusunda kendilerine olan güvenleri ve çabalarıyla ilgili oldukları görülmüştür. Yüksek düzeyde engel olarak görülen maddeler; her ders için materyal hazırlama, uzaktan eğitimde öğrenci başarısının değerlendirilmesi ve öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitimle Covid-19 pandemi döneminden önce tanışmadıkları için duydukları pişmanlıkla ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Orta düzeyde engel olarak görülen maddeler; ders içerikleri ve okul boyutuyla ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Düşük düzeyde engel olarak görülen maddeler ise; öğrencilerin uzaktan eğitime ilişkin durumlarını ve öğretmenlerin uzaktan eğitim konusunda bilgi ve becerileriyle ilgili olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlardan yola çıkarak öneriler sunulmuştur.
Compulsory distance education has been started in our country as in the whole world with the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to reveal teachers' perceptions of self-efficacy and the obstacles they face in this process with the obligatory and rapid transition process to distance education in the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample group consists of 381 teachers working in primary and secondary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Van. In order to reveal teachers' self-efficacy perceptions about distance education, a scale consisting of 36 items was developed within the scope of the study. In order to determine the obstacles faced by teachers in the distance education process, the 21-item Distance Education Survey, which was originally in English and developed by Almanthari et al. (2020), was translated into Turkish and the number of items was increased to 25 by taking into account expert opinions. As a result of the analysis, the Self-Efficacy Perception of Distance Education Scale consists of 5 sub-factors. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the whole scale was found .966. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the Technical Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .934. Instructional Content Self-efficacy sub-dimension Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient was found .910. Technology Use in Teaching Self-efficacy sub-dimension Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient was found .936. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient of Distance Education Software Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .915. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient of Emotional Communication Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .828. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the questionnaire for obstacles encountered in distance education was found to be .820. In the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it was observed that there was no significant difference in teachers 'self-efficacy perceptions of distance education in the variables of teachers' gender, teaching level they worked, their mobile device and EBA use in distance education. A significant difference was observed in terms of the variables of branch, professional working time, owning a personal computer, having an internet connection at home, having received an education about distance education, using ZOOM in distance education and using live classroom technology. The items perceived as a very high level of obstacle by teachers regarding the distance education processes are the course materials, teachers' self-confidence and efforts in distance education. Substances seen as high-level barriers; It has been observed that it is about preparing materials for each course, evaluating student success in distance education, and teachers' regret for not having met with distance education before the Covid-19 pandemic period. Substances seen as medium level barriers; It was found to be related to the course contents and school dimension. The items seen as low-level obstacles are; it has been observed that the situation of the students regarding distance education and the knowledge and skills of the teachers about distance education. Based on the results obtained, suggestions were made.
Compulsory distance education has been started in our country as in the whole world with the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to reveal teachers' perceptions of self-efficacy and the obstacles they face in this process with the obligatory and rapid transition process to distance education in the 2020-2021 academic year. The sample group consists of 381 teachers working in primary and secondary schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Van. In order to reveal teachers' self-efficacy perceptions about distance education, a scale consisting of 36 items was developed within the scope of the study. In order to determine the obstacles faced by teachers in the distance education process, the 21-item Distance Education Survey, which was originally in English and developed by Almanthari et al. (2020), was translated into Turkish and the number of items was increased to 25 by taking into account expert opinions. As a result of the analysis, the Self-Efficacy Perception of Distance Education Scale consists of 5 sub-factors. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the whole scale was found .966. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the Technical Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .934. Instructional Content Self-efficacy sub-dimension Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient was found .910. Technology Use in Teaching Self-efficacy sub-dimension Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient was found .936. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient of Distance Education Software Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .915. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient of Emotional Communication Self-efficacy sub-dimension was found .828. Cronbach's Alpha Reliability Coefficient for the questionnaire for obstacles encountered in distance education was found to be .820. In the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it was observed that there was no significant difference in teachers 'self-efficacy perceptions of distance education in the variables of teachers' gender, teaching level they worked, their mobile device and EBA use in distance education. A significant difference was observed in terms of the variables of branch, professional working time, owning a personal computer, having an internet connection at home, having received an education about distance education, using ZOOM in distance education and using live classroom technology. The items perceived as a very high level of obstacle by teachers regarding the distance education processes are the course materials, teachers' self-confidence and efforts in distance education. Substances seen as high-level barriers; It has been observed that it is about preparing materials for each course, evaluating student success in distance education, and teachers' regret for not having met with distance education before the Covid-19 pandemic period. Substances seen as medium level barriers; It was found to be related to the course contents and school dimension. The items seen as low-level obstacles are; it has been observed that the situation of the students regarding distance education and the knowledge and skills of the teachers about distance education. Based on the results obtained, suggestions were made.
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Keywords
Eğitim ve Öğretim, COVID 19, Pandemiler, Uzaktan eğitim, Öz yeterlilik, Öz yeterlilik algısı, Öğretmen algısı, Öğretmenler, Education and Training, COVID 19, Pandemics, Distance education, Self-efficacy, Self-efficacy belief, Teacher perception, Teachers
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136