Phenomenon of Super Conductivity
Abstract
Mükemmel bir süper iletken iki karakteristik özelliği olan bir maddedir. Yani sıfır elektrik direnci ve mükemmel diamanyetikliktir. Belli bir sıcaklık altında soğutulduğunda bir faz değişimi meydana gelir ki, bu sıcaklığa kritik sıcaklık (Tc) denir. Yüksek sıcaklıklarda normal bir metaldirler ve genellikle çok iyi birer iletkenken değildirler. Örneğin kurşun, tantolyum ve kalay süper iletkenlerdir. Fakat bakır, gümüş ve altın çok daha iyi iletken olmalarına rağmen süper iletkenlik özellik göstermezler. Normal halde bazı süper iletken metaller zayıf diamanyetiktir ve bazıları da paramanyetiktirler. Kritik sıcaklığın (Tc) altında bunlar kusursuz elektriksel iletkenlik özellik gösterirler ve üstelik mükemmel veya oldukça diamanyetiktirler.Süper iletkenlikle ilgili bu günkü anlayışımız 1957' de J. Bardeen, L. Cooper ve J. R. Schrieffer tarafından önerilen BCS mikroskobik teoriye dayanmaktadır. Bu teori, süper akım taşıyan bağlı elektron çiftlerinin (copper çifti) olduğunu, normal ve süper iletken durumlarda enerji farkının meydana geldiğini kabul eder.Bu tez çalışmasında süper iletken maddeler incelenirken aynı zamanda farkı sıcaklıklarda ve farklı manyetik alanlarda ortaya çıkan durumlar da detaylı olarak incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. İlk kısımda süper iletkenlik konusu hakkında teorik ve tarihi bilgilere yer verilirken, ikinci kısımda süper iletkenlerin özellikleri ve farklı durumlardaki davranışları hakkında bilgiler verildi. Üçüncü ve son kısımda ise konu toparlanarak çok daha fazla araştırmanın gerekli olduğu vurgusu yapıldı.Anahtar kelimeler: Süper iletken, İletken, Diamanyetik, Paramanyetik.
A perfect superconductor is a material that exhibits two characteristic properties, namely zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism, when it is cooled below a particular temperature Tc, called the critical temperature. At higher temperatures it is a normal metal, and ordinarily is not a very good conductor. For example, lead, tantalum, and tin become superconductors, while copper, silver, and gold, which are much better conductors, do not super-conduct. In the normal state some super conducting metals are weakly diamagnetic and some are paramagnetic. Below Tc they exhibit perfect electrical conductivity and also perfect or quite pronounced diamagnetism.Our present theoretical understanding of the nature of superconductivity is based on the BCS microscopic theory proposed by J. Bardeen, L. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer in 1957. In this theory it is assumed that bound electron pairs that carry the super current are formed and that an energy gap between the normal and superconductive states is created.With this thesis, also results at different temperatures and different magnetic fields were studied in detail while superconducting material analyzed. Theoretical and historical information about superconductivity was included in the first part. In the second part, information about properties of superconductors and their behaviors in different conditions were provided. In the third - the final part, the topic was summarized and need for more research on the topic was emphasized.Key words: Super conductor, conductor, diamagnetism, paramagnetic.
A perfect superconductor is a material that exhibits two characteristic properties, namely zero electrical resistance and perfect diamagnetism, when it is cooled below a particular temperature Tc, called the critical temperature. At higher temperatures it is a normal metal, and ordinarily is not a very good conductor. For example, lead, tantalum, and tin become superconductors, while copper, silver, and gold, which are much better conductors, do not super-conduct. In the normal state some super conducting metals are weakly diamagnetic and some are paramagnetic. Below Tc they exhibit perfect electrical conductivity and also perfect or quite pronounced diamagnetism.Our present theoretical understanding of the nature of superconductivity is based on the BCS microscopic theory proposed by J. Bardeen, L. Cooper, and J. R. Schrieffer in 1957. In this theory it is assumed that bound electron pairs that carry the super current are formed and that an energy gap between the normal and superconductive states is created.With this thesis, also results at different temperatures and different magnetic fields were studied in detail while superconducting material analyzed. Theoretical and historical information about superconductivity was included in the first part. In the second part, information about properties of superconductors and their behaviors in different conditions were provided. In the third - the final part, the topic was summarized and need for more research on the topic was emphasized.Key words: Super conductor, conductor, diamagnetism, paramagnetic.
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Fizik ve Fizik Mühendisliği, Akım, Akım Yoğunluğu, Direnç, Elektron Yoğunluğu, Kritik Sıcaklık, Manyetik Akı, Manyetik Alanlar, Serbest Enerji, Öz Direnç, Iletkenler, Physics and Physics Engineering, Current, Current Density, Strength, Electron Density, Critical Temperature, Magnetic Flux, Magnetic Fields, Free Energy, Resistivity, Conductors
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