Morphological and Molecular Systematics of Some Hebeloma (fr.) P. Kumm. (basidiomycota) Species Native To Türkiye
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2023
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Hebeloma cinsi Hymenogastraceae familyası içerisinde yer alır ve dünya ılıman iklim kuşağında yetişir. Ülkemizde bu cinse ait kapsamlı moleküler bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu amaçla tez çalışmasında 2017-2021 yıllarında ilkbahar ve sonbahar dönemlerinde toplanan ve farklı fungaryumlardan temin edilen Hebeloma cinsine ait örnekler hem morfolojik hem de moleküler teknikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, tür teşhisleri yapılmış ve filogenetik ilişkileri belirlenmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları ile toplanan örneklerin ön teşhisleri morfolojik karakterleri kullanılarak yapılmış, daha sonra moleküler seviyedeki teşhis çalışmaları yapılarak tür teşhisleri tamamlanmıştır. Morfolojik çalışmalar için örneklerin makroskobik ve mikroskobik karakterleri analiz edilmiş ve ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Morfolojik veriler skorlanmış ve aralarındaki ilişki PCA analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Filogenetik çalışmalar için üç farklı DNA bölgesi [Transkribe edilen aralayıcı bölgeler (ITS), Büyük alt ünite (LSU) ve uzama faktörü 1-alfa (TEF1-α)] kullanılmıştır. Bölgelerden elde edilen DNA dizileri biyoinformatik programlar yardımıyla analiz edilmiş ve filogenetik ağaçlar çizdirilerek türlerin birbirleriyle olan akrabalık ilişkileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Filogenetik ağaçlar için maksimum parsimoni (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) ve bayes (BI) metodları uygulanmıştır. Cins içerisinde bulunan kriptik türlerden dolayı network analizleri de kullanılmıştır. Bu sayede, morfolojik karakterler ve moleküler seviyede elde edilen veriler göz önüne alınarak tür sınırları belirlenmiş ve taksonomik ilişkiler çözülmüştür. Sonuç olarak Hebeloma cinsi üzerine yapılan bu taksonomik çalışmada 430 örnek analiz edilmiş ve 24 tür tanımlanmıştır. Türlerin Hebeloma cinsi içerisinde Hebeloma, Denudata, Velutipes, Sinapizantia, Scabrispora, Sacchariolentia ve Theobromina seksiyonlarında yer aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Hebeloma seksiyonuna ait H. subtortum olarak tanımlanan örneklerin türleşme süreci devam eden kriptik tür olduğu önerilmiştir. Denudata seksiyonuna ait H. cinnamomeum, H. lutense, H. minus, H. rostratum ve H. vaccinum olarak tanımlanan türlerin ülkemiz mikotası için yeni kayıt türler oldukları belirlenmiştir. Hebeloma türlerine ait betimlemeler genişletilmiş ve cins için yeni bir teşhis anahtarı oluşturulmuştur.
Hebeloma genus is a fungus that belongs to the family of Hymenogastraceae and grows in the temperate climate zone of the world. There is no comprehensive molecular study of this genus in our country. For this purpose, samples of the Hebeloma genus collected in the spring and autumn periods of 2017-2021 and obtained from different fungarium collections were analyzed using both morphological and molecular techniques, species were identified and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. The samples collected through field studies were pre-diagnosed using morphological characters, then identification studies were completed by carrying out diagnostic studies at the molecular level. For morphological studies, the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the samples were analyzed and measured. Network analyzes were used due to the presence of cryptic species within the genus. Morphological data were scored and the relationship between them was determined by PCA analysis. Three different DNA regions [Transcribed spacer regions (ITS), Large subunit (LSU) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α)] were used for phylogenetic studies. The DNA sequences obtained from the regions were analyzed with the help of bioinformatic programs and phylogenetic trees were construct to determine the relationships of the species. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and bayes (BI) methods were performed for phylogenetic trees. In this way, species boundaries were determined and taxonomic relationships were resolved by considering the morphological characters and the data obtained at the molecular level. As a result of the study, in this taxonomic study on the genus Hebeloma, 430 samples were analyzed and 24 species were identified. It was determined that the studied samples were included in the Hebeloma, Denudata, Velutipes, Sinapizantia, Scabrispora, Sacchariolentia and Theobromina sections within the genus. It has been suggested that the specimens identified as H. subtortum belonging to the Hebeloma section are cryptic species whose speciation process continues. Species identified as H. cinnamomeum, H. lutense, H. minus, H. rostratum, and H. vaccinum belonging to the Denudata section were determined to be new recorded species for the Turkish mycota. Insufficient descriptions of Hebeloma species have been expanded and a new identification key has been established for the genus.
Hebeloma genus is a fungus that belongs to the family of Hymenogastraceae and grows in the temperate climate zone of the world. There is no comprehensive molecular study of this genus in our country. For this purpose, samples of the Hebeloma genus collected in the spring and autumn periods of 2017-2021 and obtained from different fungarium collections were analyzed using both morphological and molecular techniques, species were identified and their phylogenetic relationships were determined. The samples collected through field studies were pre-diagnosed using morphological characters, then identification studies were completed by carrying out diagnostic studies at the molecular level. For morphological studies, the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the samples were analyzed and measured. Network analyzes were used due to the presence of cryptic species within the genus. Morphological data were scored and the relationship between them was determined by PCA analysis. Three different DNA regions [Transcribed spacer regions (ITS), Large subunit (LSU) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α)] were used for phylogenetic studies. The DNA sequences obtained from the regions were analyzed with the help of bioinformatic programs and phylogenetic trees were construct to determine the relationships of the species. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and bayes (BI) methods were performed for phylogenetic trees. In this way, species boundaries were determined and taxonomic relationships were resolved by considering the morphological characters and the data obtained at the molecular level. As a result of the study, in this taxonomic study on the genus Hebeloma, 430 samples were analyzed and 24 species were identified. It was determined that the studied samples were included in the Hebeloma, Denudata, Velutipes, Sinapizantia, Scabrispora, Sacchariolentia and Theobromina sections within the genus. It has been suggested that the specimens identified as H. subtortum belonging to the Hebeloma section are cryptic species whose speciation process continues. Species identified as H. cinnamomeum, H. lutense, H. minus, H. rostratum, and H. vaccinum belonging to the Denudata section were determined to be new recorded species for the Turkish mycota. Insufficient descriptions of Hebeloma species have been expanded and a new identification key has been established for the genus.
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Biyoloji, Genetik, Biology, Genetics
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