Investigation of the Antitumor Effects of Malus Sylvestris L. (wild Apple) Extracts in Rats With Diethylnitrosamine Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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2021
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Bu çalışmada Dietilnitrozamin (DEN) ve Tiyoasetamid (TAA) ile oluşturulan deneysel Hepatosellüler Karsinom (HCC) modelinde Malus sylvestris L. (Yabani Elma) meyvesinin su ve etanol ekstrelerinin koruyucu ve iyileştirici etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 84 adet Wistar albino erkek sıçanlardan her grupta 7 sıçan olmak üzere 12 grup oluşturulmuştur. Normal Kontrol grupları hariç tüm gruplara tek doz 200 mg/kg DEN intraperitoneal (ip.) olarak uygulanmış daha sonra ise 12 hafta boyunca, ayda 3 hafta olmak üzere, haftada iki kere 200 mg/kg TAA ip. uygulanmıştır. Ekstrelerin koruyucu etkilerinin araştırıldığı gruplarda DEN ve TAA kanserojenlerinin uygulanmasıyla birlikte ekstre uygulamasına da başlanmış ve bu çalışmalar 12 hafta boyunca sürdürülmüştür. Ekstrelerin iyileştirici etkilerinin araştırıldığı gruplarda DEN ve TAA kanserojenlerinin uygulanması 12 hafta boyunca sürdürülmüş, 12 hafta sonra bu kanserojenlerin uygulamaları durdurulup ekstre uygulamasına başlanmıştır. Ekstre uygulamaları da 12 hafta boyunca sürdürülmüştür. Sonuçta, koruyucu etki araştırma grupları 12 hafta sonunda sakrifiye edilirken, iyileştirici etki grupları 24 hafta sonra sakrifiye edilmiştir. Çalışma sonunda serum biyobelirteçlerinden Aspartat aminotransferaz (AST), Alanin aminotransferaz (ALT), Alkalen fosfataz (ALP) ve Laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) enzim seviyeleri ile karaciğer, böbrek, akciğer ve testis dokularında katalaz (CAT), süperoksid dismutaz (SOD), glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px), glutatyon S-transferaz (GST), glutatyon redüktaz (GR) aktiviteleri ve redükte glutatyon (GSH) seviyeleri ile lipid peroksidasyon (Malondialdehit) (MDA) düzeyleri ortaya konmuştur. Karaciğer doku süpernatantlarında 8-OHdG miktarı belirlenmiş, ayrıca karaciğerde p53, Bax, Bcl-2 ve AFP genlerinin ekspresyonları incelenmiştir. Karaciğer dokularında histolojik olarak meydana gelen mikroskobik ve makroskobik değişiklikler ortaya konmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre DEN ve TAA uygulanan Kanser Kontrol gruplarında karaciğer ağırlığında artma meydana gelmiştir. Malus sylvestris L. su ekstreleri karaciğer ağırlık artışını ve karaciğer vücut ağırlık oranını azaltmıştır. DEN ve TAA uygulaması Normal Kontrol grubuna göre AST, ALT, ALP ve LDH düzeylerinin artmasına, CAT, SOD, GSH-Px aktivitelerinin ve GSH konsantrasyonunun azalmasına, MDA konsantrasyonunun ve GST aktivitesinin artmasına sebep olmuştur. Ekstreler karaciğer MDA seviyesini düşürmüş, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px aktivitesini arttırarak antioksidan kapasiteyi desteklemiştir. Genel olarak Malus sylvestris L. su ekstrelerinin özellikle 100 mg/kg dozda antioksidan kapasiteyi arttırarak, oksidatif stresi baskıladığı belirlenmiştir. 8-OHdG analizinin sonuçları da DEN ve TAA uygulamasının 8-OHdG miktarını arttırdığını, ekstre uygulamasının bu oranı azalttığını göstermiştir. DEN ve TAA uygulamasının genel olarak p53 ve Bax ekspresyonlarında azalmaya Bcl-2 ve AFP ekspresyonlarında artışa neden olduğunu gösterilmiştir. Malus sylvestris L. su ekstrelerinin 100 mg/kg dozda p53 ekspresyonunu olumlu etkilediği gösterilmiştir. Tersine bu ekstre AFP ekspresyonunda artışa neden olmuş, diğer ekstre uygulamaları ise AFP ekspresyonunu düşürmüştür. Histolojik incelemeler sonucunda, mikroskobik olarak tümöral odakların oluştuğu saptanmıştır. DEN ve TAA uygulamasının karaciğerde karsinogenez sürecini başlatarak adenom ve displazik hepatositlerin oluşumuna, ayrıca dejenerasyon, fibrozis, safra kanalı proliferasyonu, yangısal hücre infiltrasyonları ve kolestazis gibi ciddi hasarlara neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Anlamlı olmasa da koruyucu etkinin araştırıldığı gruplarda, meyvenin su ekstresini alan ratlarda bu lezyonların daha hafif olduğu dikkat çekmiştir. Koruyucu ve iyileştirici etki gruplarında etanol ekstresi alan ratlarda fibrozisin ve displazik odakların diğer gruplardan daha belirgin olduğu dikkati çekmiştir. Ekstrelerin etanol ekstrelerinde daha fazla olmak üzere bazı toksik etkiye sahip bileşikler içerebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective and healing effects of the water and ethanol extracts of Malus sylvestris L. (Wild Apple) fruit in the experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) model induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and Thioacetamide (TAA). 12 groups were formed from 84 Wistar albino male rats with 7 rats in each group. Except for the Normal Control groups, a single dose of 200 mg/kg DEN was administered intraperitoneally (ip), and then 200 mg/kg TAA (ip.) was administered twice a week for 12 weeks, 3 weeks per month. In the groups which the protective effects of the extracts were investigated, extract application was also started with the application of DEN and TAA carcinogens, and these studies were continued for 12 weeks. In the groups in which the healing effects of the extracts were investigated, the application of DEN and TAA carcinogens were continued for 12 weeks, after 12 weeks the applications of these carcinogens were stopped and the extract application was started. Extract applications were also continued for 12 weeks. As a result, the protective effect research groups were sacrificed after 12 weeks, while the healing effect groups were sacrificed after 24 weeks. At the end of the study, serum biomarkers Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were determined. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) (MDA) levels were measured in liver, kidney, lung and testis tissues. The amount of 8-OHdG was determined in the liver tissue supernatants, and the expressions of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and AFP genes in the liver were examined. Histologically, microscopic and macroscopic changes in liver tissues were revealed. According to the results obtained, an increase in liver weight occurred in the Cancer Control groups treated with DEN and TAA. Malus sylvestris L. water extracts decreased liver weight and liver body weight ratio. DEN and TAA application caused an increase in AST, ALT, ALP and LDH levels, decreased CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activities and GSH concentration, and increased MDA concentration and GST activity compared to the Normal Control group. The extracts decreased liver MDA level, increased SOD, CAT, GSH-Px activity and supported antioxidant capacity. In general, it was determined that Malus sylvestris L. water extracts suppressed oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant capacity, especially at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The results of 8-OHdG analysis also showed that DEN and TAA application increased the amount of 8-OHdG, while extract application decreased this rate. It has been shown that DEN and TAA administration generally cause a decrease in p53 and Bax expressions and an increase in Bcl-2 and AFP expressions. Malus sylvestris L. water extracts have been shown to positively affect p53 expression at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Conversely, this extract caused an increase in AFP expression, while applications of other extracts decreased AFP expression. As a result of histological examinations, it was shown that tumoral foci were formed microscopically. DEN and TAA application started the carcinogenesis process in the liver and caused the formation of adenomas and dysplastic hepatocytes, as well as serious damages such as degeneration, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltrations and cholestasis. Although not significant, it was noted that these lesions were milder in rats that took the water extract of the fruit in the groups which the protective effects were investigated. In the protective and healing effect groups, it was noted that fibrosis and dysplastic foci were more prominent in rats receiving ethanol extract than in other groups. It was concluded that the extracts may contain some compounds with toxic effects, being more in the ethanol extracts.
In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective and healing effects of the water and ethanol extracts of Malus sylvestris L. (Wild Apple) fruit in the experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) model induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and Thioacetamide (TAA). 12 groups were formed from 84 Wistar albino male rats with 7 rats in each group. Except for the Normal Control groups, a single dose of 200 mg/kg DEN was administered intraperitoneally (ip), and then 200 mg/kg TAA (ip.) was administered twice a week for 12 weeks, 3 weeks per month. In the groups which the protective effects of the extracts were investigated, extract application was also started with the application of DEN and TAA carcinogens, and these studies were continued for 12 weeks. In the groups in which the healing effects of the extracts were investigated, the application of DEN and TAA carcinogens were continued for 12 weeks, after 12 weeks the applications of these carcinogens were stopped and the extract application was started. Extract applications were also continued for 12 weeks. As a result, the protective effect research groups were sacrificed after 12 weeks, while the healing effect groups were sacrificed after 24 weeks. At the end of the study, serum biomarkers Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were determined. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) (MDA) levels were measured in liver, kidney, lung and testis tissues. The amount of 8-OHdG was determined in the liver tissue supernatants, and the expressions of p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and AFP genes in the liver were examined. Histologically, microscopic and macroscopic changes in liver tissues were revealed. According to the results obtained, an increase in liver weight occurred in the Cancer Control groups treated with DEN and TAA. Malus sylvestris L. water extracts decreased liver weight and liver body weight ratio. DEN and TAA application caused an increase in AST, ALT, ALP and LDH levels, decreased CAT, SOD, GSH-Px activities and GSH concentration, and increased MDA concentration and GST activity compared to the Normal Control group. The extracts decreased liver MDA level, increased SOD, CAT, GSH-Px activity and supported antioxidant capacity. In general, it was determined that Malus sylvestris L. water extracts suppressed oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant capacity, especially at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The results of 8-OHdG analysis also showed that DEN and TAA application increased the amount of 8-OHdG, while extract application decreased this rate. It has been shown that DEN and TAA administration generally cause a decrease in p53 and Bax expressions and an increase in Bcl-2 and AFP expressions. Malus sylvestris L. water extracts have been shown to positively affect p53 expression at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Conversely, this extract caused an increase in AFP expression, while applications of other extracts decreased AFP expression. As a result of histological examinations, it was shown that tumoral foci were formed microscopically. DEN and TAA application started the carcinogenesis process in the liver and caused the formation of adenomas and dysplastic hepatocytes, as well as serious damages such as degeneration, fibrosis, bile duct proliferation, inflammatory cell infiltrations and cholestasis. Although not significant, it was noted that these lesions were milder in rats that took the water extract of the fruit in the groups which the protective effects were investigated. In the protective and healing effect groups, it was noted that fibrosis and dysplastic foci were more prominent in rats receiving ethanol extract than in other groups. It was concluded that the extracts may contain some compounds with toxic effects, being more in the ethanol extracts.
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Biyokimya, Karsinoma-hepatoselüler, Biochemistry, Carcinoma-hepatocellular
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Scopus Q
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260