The Fundamental Engineering Principles in Settlement Site Selection: Van
Abstract
Kent yeri seçiminde mühendislik açısından en temel ilke yerleşim alanının maliyet, emniyet, zaman ve estetik-çevre (MEZE) açısından uygun olmasıdır. Yapıların faydalı ömrünü, dolayısıyla maliyetini belirleyen en önemli etken yapı yerinin kaya veya toprak zemin üzerinde/içerisinde olmasıdır. Taşkın, yer kaymaları ve depremlerin sadece ve sadece toprak alanlarda özellikle de ovalarda yıktığı su götürmez bir gerçektir. Ayrıca, ulaşılabilinen tüm ülkelerin anayasalarında toprak alanlar koruma altındadır. Çünkü yiyecek ve içecekler stratejik maddelerin başında yer almaktadır. Ovaların ve ilgili alanların tarım dışında kullanılması, bu bağlamda yasaktır. T.C. Anayasasının 43?46. maddeleri ulusal servetlerin korunması anlamında yaptırım gücüne sahiptir.Anadolu'nun %5'i deprem tehlikesi taşımaktadır. Buda yeraltı suyunun 20 metreden daha sığ olduğu I. Sınıf tarım ovalarına karşılık gelir. 17.01.1995 Kobe depremi ve 13.05.2008 Çin depremleri de yıkımını ovada ve küçük bir yüzdesini de yamaçdışarı eğim içeren etken ve edilgin kayma sahalarında yapmıştır. Bu sahaların tamamı tarıma elverişlidir. Türkiye de yerleşime gereksinim ülke yüzölçümünün %1'i kadar iken MEZE açısından uygun alan gereksinimin 50 katından daha fazladır.Van da ülkenin diğer yerleriyle aynılık sunar. 1956 yılında ipek yolunun Van ovalarına indirilmesi yeni yerleşimleri ovaya çekmiştir. Tarihte ovaya inen Urartu, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı yapıları da yıkılarak ve/veya sıvılaşma sonucu ovaya gömülmüştür. Kayadaki yapılar ise ilkselliğini büyük oranda korumaktadır. Çünkü deprem dalgaları ovada uzun dalga ilerlerken yapıları salınıma sokar. Ayrıca sıvılaşma daha yıkıcı olup sadece sulu toprak zeminlerde oluşur. Sıvılaşma sonucu zeminin dayanıma sıfıra iner. Dolayısıyla batma veya yan yatma kaçınılmaz olur.
The basic criterion in site selection is the properness of the site with the timing, environment, safety-security, and cost (TESC). The main factor which defines the economic life of a structure is whether it in soil or rock. Flood, landslide and earthquakes may create catastrophes only and only in soil grounds. Furthermore, the constitutional laws of all accessed countries save such natural resources. The foods and water are the unique strategic materials in human being life. Hence fertile soil lands are forbidden to be used for any purpose other than farming and agricultural activities. The articles 43 ? 46 of the Turkish constitutional law protect such fertile lands and they are mandatory.Around 5% of Anatolia is exposed to earthquake disaster. That portion of the country comprises the first class farm lands where shallow (d<20 m) groundwater table prevails. The land need for settlement is around 1% whereas suitable lands in terms of timing, environment, safety-security, and cost (TESC) over 50 times more than that. However, the fertile lands are being opened for settlement on purpose by known powers. The Kobe and China earthquakes which hit respectively on 17.01.1995 and 13.05.2008 destroyed the structures on/in fertile soil grounds.The same approach is being implemented in Van. The highway, which was relocated into the fertile Van plains in 1956, attracted people to invade the resources. Urartu, Seljuk, and Ottoman?s structures in soil lands have already been destroyed whereas the buildings in/on rocks preserve their original identity as actual evidences. The seismic waves in soil propagate with wider wave length to cause reconnaissance in buildings. Liquefaction is more catastrophic than the others and it happens only in saturated soil ground. Soil strength approaches to zero with liquefaction and the buildings collapse and/or sink down.
The basic criterion in site selection is the properness of the site with the timing, environment, safety-security, and cost (TESC). The main factor which defines the economic life of a structure is whether it in soil or rock. Flood, landslide and earthquakes may create catastrophes only and only in soil grounds. Furthermore, the constitutional laws of all accessed countries save such natural resources. The foods and water are the unique strategic materials in human being life. Hence fertile soil lands are forbidden to be used for any purpose other than farming and agricultural activities. The articles 43 ? 46 of the Turkish constitutional law protect such fertile lands and they are mandatory.Around 5% of Anatolia is exposed to earthquake disaster. That portion of the country comprises the first class farm lands where shallow (d<20 m) groundwater table prevails. The land need for settlement is around 1% whereas suitable lands in terms of timing, environment, safety-security, and cost (TESC) over 50 times more than that. However, the fertile lands are being opened for settlement on purpose by known powers. The Kobe and China earthquakes which hit respectively on 17.01.1995 and 13.05.2008 destroyed the structures on/in fertile soil grounds.The same approach is being implemented in Van. The highway, which was relocated into the fertile Van plains in 1956, attracted people to invade the resources. Urartu, Seljuk, and Ottoman?s structures in soil lands have already been destroyed whereas the buildings in/on rocks preserve their original identity as actual evidences. The seismic waves in soil propagate with wider wave length to cause reconnaissance in buildings. Liquefaction is more catastrophic than the others and it happens only in saturated soil ground. Soil strength approaches to zero with liquefaction and the buildings collapse and/or sink down.
Description
Keywords
Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Afetler, Deprem, Jeoteknik, Kentleşme, Çevre, Geological Engineering, Disasters, Earthquake, Geotechnics, Urbanization, Environment
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
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107