Urartian Weapons: Swords, Daggers and Knives
Abstract
M. Ö. 8.-7. yüzyıllarda Urartu, Yakın Doğu'nun en güçlüimparatorluklarından ve en yaratıcı toplumlarından biriydi. Mimari, su mühendisliğive metalürji gibi konularda oldukça ileri düzeye ulaşmışlardı ve aynı zamanda kılıç,hançer, mızrak ve ok gibi güçlü silahlarla donatılmış bir orduya sahiplerdi.Bu doktora çalışmasında hem Van, Erzurum, Elazığ, Malatya ve İstanbulmüzelerinde ve hem de Altıntepe, Kalecik ve Karagündüz kazılarında ele geçenler,ayrıca bazı yayınlardan derlenen Urartu kılıç, hançer ve bıçakları incelenerek birkatalog oluşturulmuştur. Tüm Urartu materyali üzerindeki çalışmalardan sonrakatalog 69 kılıç, 6 hançer, 36 bıçak ve 20 kın olmak üzere toplam 131 eserdenmeydana getirilmiştir.Tipolojik analiz Urartu uygarlığında beş farklı kılıç tipi olduğuna işaret eder.Bunlar şöyle sıralanabilir: kabzası flanşlı kılıçlar; kabzası döküm kaplamalı kılıçlar;makara kabzalı kılıçlar ve geniş namlulu kılıçlar. Hançerler hilal tepelikliler vekabzası flanşlılar gibi iki farklı tipe ayrılmaktadır. Bıçaklar ise genel olarak eskiYakın Doğu'da sıkça kullanılan tiplerden oluşmaktadır.Eserlerin metalürjik incelemelerinde kabzalarda kullanılan tunç ilenamlularda kullanılan demir madenlerinin yapısı incelenmiş, metal yapısında varolan diğer elementlerin tespitine yönelik analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir.Yapılan tüm inceleme ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda; özellikle kılıç vehançer gibi Urartu saldırı silahlarının sivri tepelikli, kavrama çıkıntılı ve balçaklıkabza yapılarıyla, çağdaş kültürlerden çok farklı olduğu ve üretim tekniklerine göresadece Urartu'ya özgü olduğu kabul edilebilir. Bu çalışma, tunç kabza ve demirnamlulu bu kompozid kılıç ve hançerlerin teknolojik açıdan önemli gelişmeleribarındırdıkları, demirin çoğu zaman çelikleştirilerek kullanıldığı ve üretimin rennfırınlarında gerçekleştirildiğini de ortaya çıkarmıştır.
Urartu was one of the most powerful empires and technologically innovativesocieties in the Near East durin eighth and seventh centuries B. C. They were highlyskilled in the fields of architecture, irrigation Works and metallurgy, and also have astrong army equipped with fierce weapons such as sword, rdagger, spear and arrow.In this present dissertation thesis a typological catalogue has beenaccomplished with the aid of the extant materials o the urartian swords, daggers andknives of both housed in the archaelogical museums of Van, Erzurum, Elazığ,Malatya and of unearhed from the excavations of Altıntepe, Kalecik andKaragündüz, including some publeshed specimens. After the analysis of the bulk ofthe Urartian material the catalogue has appeared to have 69 swords, 6 daggers, 36knives and 20 scabbards.The typological analysis suggest that five different sword types were presentin the Urartian realm. These are as fallows: flanged hilted swords; framed hiltedswords; bobin hilted swords; plated hilted swords (hilt made by cast-on process) andbroad bladed swords. The daggers can be classified into two distinct types: dagerswith splayed pomel and flanged hilted daggers. As to knives, they are usually smilarto the types widely prevalent in the ancient Near East.As a requirement of the metallurgical analysis the structures of the bronzeused in the production of the hilts and the iron used in the manifacture of the bladeswere analysed and some other analysis were also undertaken to discover the otherelements of the above stated bronzes.As a result of carefully undertaken studies and analysis it can be claimed thatthe Urartian swords and daggers technologically are different from the contemporarycivilisations of that time. This kind of swords can be accepted solely Urartiancreation according to their technique. The study has also revealed that the swords anddaggers composed of bronze hilts and iron blades form an important technologicaldevelopments of that time. Last but not least, the study has explored that the iron wastransformed into the steel and production of the weapons took place in the rennbakery by the Urartians.
Urartu was one of the most powerful empires and technologically innovativesocieties in the Near East durin eighth and seventh centuries B. C. They were highlyskilled in the fields of architecture, irrigation Works and metallurgy, and also have astrong army equipped with fierce weapons such as sword, rdagger, spear and arrow.In this present dissertation thesis a typological catalogue has beenaccomplished with the aid of the extant materials o the urartian swords, daggers andknives of both housed in the archaelogical museums of Van, Erzurum, Elazığ,Malatya and of unearhed from the excavations of Altıntepe, Kalecik andKaragündüz, including some publeshed specimens. After the analysis of the bulk ofthe Urartian material the catalogue has appeared to have 69 swords, 6 daggers, 36knives and 20 scabbards.The typological analysis suggest that five different sword types were presentin the Urartian realm. These are as fallows: flanged hilted swords; framed hiltedswords; bobin hilted swords; plated hilted swords (hilt made by cast-on process) andbroad bladed swords. The daggers can be classified into two distinct types: dagerswith splayed pomel and flanged hilted daggers. As to knives, they are usually smilarto the types widely prevalent in the ancient Near East.As a requirement of the metallurgical analysis the structures of the bronzeused in the production of the hilts and the iron used in the manifacture of the bladeswere analysed and some other analysis were also undertaken to discover the otherelements of the above stated bronzes.As a result of carefully undertaken studies and analysis it can be claimed thatthe Urartian swords and daggers technologically are different from the contemporarycivilisations of that time. This kind of swords can be accepted solely Urartiancreation according to their technique. The study has also revealed that the swords anddaggers composed of bronze hilts and iron blades form an important technologicaldevelopments of that time. Last but not least, the study has explored that the iron wastransformed into the steel and production of the weapons took place in the rennbakery by the Urartians.
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Tarih, History
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