Van'da Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Ulaşım Sistemlerinin Tarihi Gelişimi
Abstract
Türkiye'de ulaşım sitemlerinin gelişimi incelendiğinde, ilk karayolunun Hititler zamanında yapıldığı görülmektedir. Persler tarafından yapılan Kral Yolu ile Anadolu'nun önemi artmaya başlamıştır. Roma ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde yapılan çalışmalarla Anadolu'daki ulaşım ağı daha da gelişmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinde, Osmanlıdan kalan ulaşım hatlarına ilave olarak ilk dönemlerde kaynak yetersizliğinden, önemli bir çalışma yapılamamıştır. 1950'li yıllara kadar demiryolu ağırlıklı bir ulaşım politikası izlenmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra karayolu ulaşımına ağırlık verilmeye başlandığı görülmektedir. Dünyanın, küresel köy haline gelmesinde, ulaşım ve iletişimdeki gelişmelerin önemi oldukça büyüktür. Gelişmiş ülkelere bakıldığında, ulaşım sistemlerindeki gelişmenin çok belirgin olduğu görülmektedir. Türkiye'de özellikle son yıllarda, ulaşım sistemlerinde, ciddi gelişmelerin olduğu, önemli projelerin hayata geçirildiği görülmektedir. Marmaray projesi, metro hatları, tramvay hatları, otoyollar, duble yollar ve havaalanları gibi projeler hayata geçirilmiştir. Van'da ulaşım sistemleri ve ulaşım sistemlerinin tarihi gelişimi adını taşıyan bu çalışma; yüksek lisans tezi çalışması olarak hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm de Türkiye'de ulaşım sistemleri ve genel özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ulaşımı etkileyen coğrafi koşullardan, fiziki unsurların ulaşımı nasıl sınırlandırdığı veya olumlu etkiler yaptığı üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca beşeri unsurların Van'da ulaşımı nasıl etkilediği konusu ele alınmıştır. İkinci bölümde ise Van'da ulaşımı belirleyen doğal ve beşeri koşullar üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bağlamda nüfus artışına paralel olarak, Van'daki ulaşım sistemlerinde ne gibi değişimlerin olduğu, alternatif ulaşım sistemlerinin değişim ve gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Yer şekillerinin, Van Gölü havzasındaki ulaşım sistemleri içinde özellikle demiryolu üzerinde bozucu bir etkisi olmuştur. Yer şekilleri Tatvan-Van arasındaki demir yolu ulaşımının yapılmasını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Buradaki topoğrafik yapı demiryolu için büyük engel teşkil etmektedir. Van Gölünün güneyinin engebeli bir araziye sahip olması, kuzeyinde ise yolun uzaması sonucu artan maliyetten dolayı demiryolu hattı yapılamamıştır. Alternatif olarak göl üzerinde feribotlarla demiryolu ulaşımı göl üzerinden feribotlarla sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Göl ulaşımı da, tamamıyla demiryolu ulaşımına endeksli düşünüldüğü için, özellikle yolcu taşımacılığında gelişme sağlanamamıştır. Van'da Havayolu ulaşımı istikrarlı bir gelişme göstermektedir. Özellikle son yıllarda THY (Türk Hava Yolları)'ye alternatif firmaların pazara girmesi, bilet fiyatlarının düşmesi, insanların alım gücünün yükselmesi, havayolu ulaşımının daha güvenli olması ve ulaşım süresinin kısa olması gibi nedenlerden dolayı karayolları ulaşımından sonra Havayolu Van'da en fazla tercih edilen ikinci ulaşım sistemi olmuştur. Van'daki ulaşım sistemleri, içerisinde en fazla gelişen, yaygınlaşan, bütçeden en fazla payı alan ulaşım sistemi, karayolları olmuştur. Son yıllarda duble yollar ile alternatif yolların yapılması, konforun ve güvenliğin ön planda olduğu taşıtların üretilmesi bu ulaşım sisteminin gelişmesinde etkili olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmada farklı kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Ulaşımla ilgili kurumlardan istatistikî veriler ve bilgiler almanın yanında kurum yetkilileri ile mülakatlar yapılmış, şehirlerarası otobüs firmaları, ilçe minibüs durakları, şehir içi otobüs ve minibüs durakları, belirli taksi durakları ziyaret edilerek ilgililerle mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma'da ayrıca daha önce yapılmış kuramsal ve akademik yayınlardan da yararlanılmış ve eldeki duruma getirilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ulaşım, Van'da Ulaşım Sistemleri, Yol, Van
When the development of transportation systems in Turkey are examined, it is seen that the first highways were made by Hittites. The importance of Anatolia increased with the King's Road constructed by the Persians. In addition, the transportation network in Anatolia developed with the work done during periods of Roman and Ottoman. On the Republic of Turkey , in addition to transportation lines remained from the Ottoman Empire, a major study was not performed due to lack of resources during the first period. Until the 1950s, a rail transportation-based policy was followed. After this date, the highway transportation was heavily carried out. The significance of developments in transport and communications is quite large in terms of converting the world becoming the global village. When compared to developed countries, improvements in the transportation system are seen to be very significant. In Turkey, especially in recent years, it has been observed that there are serious developments and major projects have been carried out in transportation systems. Projects such as Marmaray project, metro lines, tram lines, highways, divided highways and airports have been implemented. This study titled transportation systems and historical development of transportation systems in Van was prepared as a master's thesis work. The study consists of two parts In the first section, we discussed the geographic conditions in Van, affecting the transportation systems. We discussed the matter as to upon where the physical factors, among the geographical conditions affecting the transportation systems in Van, have a restricting effect or upon where they have no any negative effect. Similarly, the effects of human factors on shaping the transportation in Van were also asserted. In the second section, however, we studied the transportation systems in Van and their historical development. In this context, we discussed on what kind of changes occurred and which new projects were put into practice in the transportation systems of Van in parallel with the population growth and on the variation and development of the alternative transportation systems. The conditions of the earth surface have had a destructive effect particularly upon railways. The irregularity of the surface conditions cut off the railway transportation between Tatvan and Van since the geographical irregularity is the biggest hinder for the railway. In order to avoid the expenses due to the geographical irregularity on the South of Lake Van and the destructive effect of the distance on the North, railway network has not been constructed so far. Instead, ferries have been alternatively used to set up the railway network. Completely considered on the railway network basis, the transportation on the lake has kept on by old ferries, being deprived of modernization and development. Airway transportation has developed steadily in Van. It has become the most preferred transportation system by the passengers after the highway transportation in Van particularly in recent years owing to the competing airline companies apart from THY in the market and reduced ticket prices, increased purchasing potency of the people, relative safety and short departure time in the airways. Highway transportation system has been the most developed and widespread, and also the most funded transportation system among the transportation systems in Van. It has developed recently thanks to the double roads and alternative routes, and the production of modern and safe vehicles. In this study, we referred to different resources, interviewed with authorized people visiting the related foundations such as long-distance bus companies, municipal minibus and midi bus stations, certain taxi stops, and thus collecting data, on which the study was based. We have also benefitted from previous theoretical and academic publications in this study Keywords: Transportation, Transportation Systems, Highway, Van city
When the development of transportation systems in Turkey are examined, it is seen that the first highways were made by Hittites. The importance of Anatolia increased with the King's Road constructed by the Persians. In addition, the transportation network in Anatolia developed with the work done during periods of Roman and Ottoman. On the Republic of Turkey , in addition to transportation lines remained from the Ottoman Empire, a major study was not performed due to lack of resources during the first period. Until the 1950s, a rail transportation-based policy was followed. After this date, the highway transportation was heavily carried out. The significance of developments in transport and communications is quite large in terms of converting the world becoming the global village. When compared to developed countries, improvements in the transportation system are seen to be very significant. In Turkey, especially in recent years, it has been observed that there are serious developments and major projects have been carried out in transportation systems. Projects such as Marmaray project, metro lines, tram lines, highways, divided highways and airports have been implemented. This study titled transportation systems and historical development of transportation systems in Van was prepared as a master's thesis work. The study consists of two parts In the first section, we discussed the geographic conditions in Van, affecting the transportation systems. We discussed the matter as to upon where the physical factors, among the geographical conditions affecting the transportation systems in Van, have a restricting effect or upon where they have no any negative effect. Similarly, the effects of human factors on shaping the transportation in Van were also asserted. In the second section, however, we studied the transportation systems in Van and their historical development. In this context, we discussed on what kind of changes occurred and which new projects were put into practice in the transportation systems of Van in parallel with the population growth and on the variation and development of the alternative transportation systems. The conditions of the earth surface have had a destructive effect particularly upon railways. The irregularity of the surface conditions cut off the railway transportation between Tatvan and Van since the geographical irregularity is the biggest hinder for the railway. In order to avoid the expenses due to the geographical irregularity on the South of Lake Van and the destructive effect of the distance on the North, railway network has not been constructed so far. Instead, ferries have been alternatively used to set up the railway network. Completely considered on the railway network basis, the transportation on the lake has kept on by old ferries, being deprived of modernization and development. Airway transportation has developed steadily in Van. It has become the most preferred transportation system by the passengers after the highway transportation in Van particularly in recent years owing to the competing airline companies apart from THY in the market and reduced ticket prices, increased purchasing potency of the people, relative safety and short departure time in the airways. Highway transportation system has been the most developed and widespread, and also the most funded transportation system among the transportation systems in Van. It has developed recently thanks to the double roads and alternative routes, and the production of modern and safe vehicles. In this study, we referred to different resources, interviewed with authorized people visiting the related foundations such as long-distance bus companies, municipal minibus and midi bus stations, certain taxi stops, and thus collecting data, on which the study was based. We have also benefitted from previous theoretical and academic publications in this study Keywords: Transportation, Transportation Systems, Highway, Van city
Description
Keywords
Coğrafya, Tarihsel Gelişim, Ulaşım, Ulaşım Coğrafyası, Ulaşım Sistemleri, Van, Geography, Historical Development, Transportation, Transportation Geography, Transportation Systems, Van
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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Scopus Q
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186