Development of EV Charging Topologies and Communication Protocols for Resilient Grid Integration and V2X Applications in Sustainable Energy Systems

Abstract

The global shift towards eco-friendly refuelling infrastructure, driven by the electrification of vehicles, has catalyzed extensive research and development to enhance electric vehicle (EV) charging stations for cleaner production, sustainable development, and overall sustainability. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are pivotal in this transition, essential for harmonizing power generation and consumption, especially with the growing integration of renewable energy sources, smart technologies, and long-range EVs. By fostering synergies between transportation systems and electricity networks, these advancements are instrumental in advancing a net-zero energy system, promoting greater sustainability and energy efficiency. Power electronics converters (PECs) and their associated controls and optimizations are crucial for enhancing the value of battery ESSs by providing efficient and cost-effective technologies. This comprehensive review explores various papers and technical reports focused on EV charging topologies and methodologies, dissecting their benefits and analysing the challenges of PEC topologies, EV charging infrastructures, EV standards and protocols, and grid ancillary services, as well as providing a detailed analysis of diverse charging scenarios. Motivated by the potential of PECs and ESSs to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of EV charging for cleaner production, this paper comprehensively reviews existing literature and technical reports. Challenges and suggestions are centred around the impact of electric vehicle grid integration (EVGI) on the power grid, along with an exploration of the challenges and prospects for future EVGI development trends and EV charging technologies. Furthermore, the paper delves into the technical aspects, issues, and ongoing progress of state-of-the-art charging methods and control strategies in the EV charging system. The challenges and recommendations presented in this paper are closely aligned with the latest available technologies, encompassing academic research contributions and real-world EV charging station projects operational across the globe, all aimed at advancing cleaner production, sustainable development, and overall sustainability in the transport sector. © 2025 The Author(s)