The Comparison of Some Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Ghees Obtained From Butters Produced by Cream With and Without Culture
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, hammadde tereyağı üretiminde kültür kullanımının ve üretimde farklı sıcaklık uygulamalarının sadeyağın bazı özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Kültür ilavesi yapılmış (Grup 1) ve kültür ilavesi yapılmamış (Grup 2) kremalardan işlenen tereyağları, 60, 90 ve 120° C'de sadeyağa işlenmiştir. Altmış gün süreyle +4 °C'de depolanan örneklerde, depolamanın 1, 30 ve 60. günlerinde yağsız kurumadde, yağ, asitlik (% laktik asit), su aktivitesi (aw), lipoliz (ADV), kolesterol, peroksit değeri (PV) ve tiyobarbütirik asit (TBA) analizleri yapılmıştır. Örneklerin toplam yağ asidi ve serbest yağ asidi kompozisyonları ile uçucu bileşenlerin miktarları gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektroskopisi (SPME/GC-MS) ile belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada tereyağı ve sadeyağ örneklerinde maya-küf ve lipolitik mikroorganizma sayıları da belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, her iki grup sadeyağ örneğinde asitlik, su aktivitesi, TBA, kolesterol ve lipoliz değerleri ile maya ve küf ve lipolitik mikroorganizma sayılarının hammadde tereyağlarına göre daha düşük olduğunu göstermiştir. Depolama sonunda 120ºC'de işlenen sadeyağların peroksit değerleri hammaddelerinden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Her iki grupta da tereyağı örneklerinin kısa, orta, uzun zincirli ve toplam serbest yağ asidi değerlerinin, sadeyağlardan önemli düzeyde (P<0.05) daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında tereyağı ve sadeyağ örneklerinde 7 aldehit, 9 keton, 6 alkol, 3 ester, 6 asit, 5 terpen, 6 hidrokarbon olmak üzere toplamda 42 uçucu bileşen tespit edilmiştir.
In this study, the effects of using culture in production of butter and different temperatures on some properties of ghee have been investigated. Butter samples produced from cream with culture (Group I) and without culture (Group II) have been used in production of ghee at 60, 90 and 120 °C. Non-fat dry matter, fat, acidity (% lactic acid), water activity (aw), lipolysis (ADV), cholesterol, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of butter and ghee samples stored at +4 °C have been determined at 1., 30. and 60. days of storage. The total fatty acids, free fatty acids and volatiles compositions of samples have been analysed by gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and solid phase microextraction (SPME/GC-MS). In addition, the yeast-mold and lipolytic bacteria counts of butter and ghee samples have been determined. Results showed that the acidity, aw, TBA, cholesterol, ADV, yeast-mold and lipolytic bacteria counts of both ghee samples were lower than those of butter samples used as raw material. The PV of ghee samples produced at 120 °C were higher than those of related butter samples. The short, medium and long chain total and free fatty acids of both butter groups were higher (p<0.05) than their related ghee samples. 7 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 6 alcohols, 3 esters, 6 acids, 5 terpenes and 6 hydrocarbons, totally 42 volatile compounds have been determined in butter and ghee samples.
In this study, the effects of using culture in production of butter and different temperatures on some properties of ghee have been investigated. Butter samples produced from cream with culture (Group I) and without culture (Group II) have been used in production of ghee at 60, 90 and 120 °C. Non-fat dry matter, fat, acidity (% lactic acid), water activity (aw), lipolysis (ADV), cholesterol, peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) of butter and ghee samples stored at +4 °C have been determined at 1., 30. and 60. days of storage. The total fatty acids, free fatty acids and volatiles compositions of samples have been analysed by gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and solid phase microextraction (SPME/GC-MS). In addition, the yeast-mold and lipolytic bacteria counts of butter and ghee samples have been determined. Results showed that the acidity, aw, TBA, cholesterol, ADV, yeast-mold and lipolytic bacteria counts of both ghee samples were lower than those of butter samples used as raw material. The PV of ghee samples produced at 120 °C were higher than those of related butter samples. The short, medium and long chain total and free fatty acids of both butter groups were higher (p<0.05) than their related ghee samples. 7 aldehydes, 9 ketones, 6 alcohols, 3 esters, 6 acids, 5 terpenes and 6 hydrocarbons, totally 42 volatile compounds have been determined in butter and ghee samples.
Description
Keywords
Gıda Mühendisliği, Kolesterol, Lipoliz, Oksitlenme, Tereyağı, Uçucu bileşenler, Food Engineering, Cholesterol, Lipolysis, Oxidation, Butter, Essential components
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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