Resistant To Organophosphorus Compounds From Pesticide Contaminated Tobacco Land Identification and Molecular Characteri̇zation of Bacteria
Abstract
Pestisitler günümüzde tarım, ilaç ve endüstri alanlarında kullanımı artan kimyasallar olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda çevre ve sağlık açısından kritik niteliklere sahip olan organoklorlu pestisitlerin yerini daha az zararlı olduğu düşünülen organofosforlu pestisitler almıştır. Ancak yapılan araştırmalarla organofosforlu pestisit sınıfında bulunan etken maddelerin de birçok karasal ve sucul ekosistemi yoğun olarak kontamine ettiği belirlenmiştir. Yaygın olarak kullanılan organofosfatlardan biri olan klorpirifos birçok tarım alanında insektisit olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak oluşturduğu toksik kalıntılar ile tarım ürünleri ile birlikte alınmasının dışında çeşitli yaşam alanlarındaki hedef dışı canlıların da etkilenmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu tez ile birlikte, yer altı sularına bulaşma riski yüksek olan ve insanlarda özellikle endokrin sistemi etkileyen ve nörotoksik işleyişe zarar verdiği bilinen klorpirifos pestisit etken maddesini degrade edebilen bakteri suş veya suşlarının topraktan izolasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Tez kapsamında 40 yılı aşkın süredir pestisit kontaminasyonu olduğu bilinen Adıyaman İl sınırları içerisindeki tütün arazisinden alınan toprak örnekleri ile çalışılmıştır. Toprakta bulunan mikroorganizmalar enerji kaynağı olarak sadece klorpirifos bulunan minimal besiyerinde bu etken maddeyi kullanmaya zorlanmışlardır. Klorpirifosun kademeli artışı ile gerçekleşen zenginleştirme süreci sonunda morfolojik olarak ayırt edilen 23 bakteri izolatı belirlenmiştir. İzolatlar, mikroskobik analizler ve farklı kültür ortamları kullanılarak saf kültür olarak elde edilmişlerdir. Moleküler karakterizasyon için 16S rDNA bölgesi analiz edilmiş ve tanımlanan bakterilerin üç farklı cinse (Klebsiella, Sphingobacterium, Pseudomonas) ait olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen tez çalışması, klorpirifosu parçalayabilen bakterilerin teşhisi amacıyla yapılan ülkemizdeki ilk çalışma olması nedeni ile ileri çalışmalara öncülük edebilecek bir çalışma olmuştur.
Pesticides are emerging as chemicals that are increasingly used in agriculture, medicine and industry. In recent years, organochlorine pesticides, which have negative impacts in terms of environment and health, have been replaced by organophosphorus pesticides, which are thought to be less harmful. However, it has been determined that the pesticides in the organophosphorus class heavily contaminate many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Chlorpyrifos, one of the widely used organophosphates, is used as an insecticide in many agricultural areas. However, the toxic residues it creates, cause the non-target creatures in various habitats to be affected, as well as being taken with agricultural products. In this thesis, the aim was to identify bacterial isolates from soil that can degrade chlorpyrifos, known to damage the endocrine and neurotoxic system in humans and has a high risk of contaminating groundwater. For this reason, soil samples were collected from a tobacco field in Adiyaman province known to have pesticide contamination for more than 40 years. Microorganisms in the soil were forced to use this active substance in minimal media containing only chlorpyrifos as an energy source. At the end of the enrichment process with the gradual increase of chlorpyrifos, 23 bacterial isolates were morphologically differentiated. Isolates were obtained as pure culture using microscopic examinations and different culture media. As a result of molecular characterization by analyzing the 16S rDNA region the identified bacteria belonged to three different genera (Klebsiella, Sphingobacterium, and Pseudomonas). This thesis is the first study in Türkiye to determine the chlorpyrifos degradable bacteria, as it has been a study that can guide further studies.
Pesticides are emerging as chemicals that are increasingly used in agriculture, medicine and industry. In recent years, organochlorine pesticides, which have negative impacts in terms of environment and health, have been replaced by organophosphorus pesticides, which are thought to be less harmful. However, it has been determined that the pesticides in the organophosphorus class heavily contaminate many terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Chlorpyrifos, one of the widely used organophosphates, is used as an insecticide in many agricultural areas. However, the toxic residues it creates, cause the non-target creatures in various habitats to be affected, as well as being taken with agricultural products. In this thesis, the aim was to identify bacterial isolates from soil that can degrade chlorpyrifos, known to damage the endocrine and neurotoxic system in humans and has a high risk of contaminating groundwater. For this reason, soil samples were collected from a tobacco field in Adiyaman province known to have pesticide contamination for more than 40 years. Microorganisms in the soil were forced to use this active substance in minimal media containing only chlorpyrifos as an energy source. At the end of the enrichment process with the gradual increase of chlorpyrifos, 23 bacterial isolates were morphologically differentiated. Isolates were obtained as pure culture using microscopic examinations and different culture media. As a result of molecular characterization by analyzing the 16S rDNA region the identified bacteria belonged to three different genera (Klebsiella, Sphingobacterium, and Pseudomonas). This thesis is the first study in Türkiye to determine the chlorpyrifos degradable bacteria, as it has been a study that can guide further studies.
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Biyoloji, Genetik, Mikrobiyoloji, Biology, Genetics, Microbiology
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