Determination of Aflatoxin M1 Presence and Concentration in Van Herby Cheese
Abstract
İşlenmiş bir süt ürünü olan peynir, dünyanın her yerinde çok çeşitli aroma ve formlarda üretilen süt bazlı fermente gıda grubuna verilen ortak bir isimdir. Süt ve süt ürünlerini tehdit eden en büyük sorunlardan biri mikotoksin kontaminasyonudur. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps ve Alternaria gibi mantar cinslerinin ikincil metabolizması sonucu meydana gelen mikotoksinler, farklı kimyasal yapılara ve düşük molekül ağırlığına sahip olan doğal toksinlerdir. Mikotoksinler içerisinde önemli bir yere sahip olan aflatoksinler, katkı kalıntı ve bulaşanlar kapsamında günümüzde bilim insanlarının üzerinde yoğunlaştığı ve en fazla tanınan doğal kirleticilerdendir. Aflatoksinler; Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus ve Aspergillus nomius ile iki alt suş olan Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris ve Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus'un sekonder metabolitleri olup yapısal olarak son derece birbirine benzeyen okside olmuş heterosiklik bileşiklerdir. Peynir, süt ürünleri arasında en güçlü aflatoksin kaynağıdır ve Aflatoksin M1 (AFM1)'in % 40-100'ü süt kazeinine bağlanmaktadır. Uluslararası Kanser Araştırma Ajansı (International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC) tarafından insanlar için Aflatoksinler (Grup 1) ve AFM1 (Grup 2B) potansiyel kanserojen ajanlar olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Yapılan bu yüksek lisans tez çalışması ile piyasada satışa sunulan salamura ve kuru tuzlama yöntemiyle üretilen Van otlu peynirlerinde AFM1 varlığı ve yoğunluğunun Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi/Floresan Detektör (High Performance Liquide Chromotography (HPLC)/Fluorescent Detection (FLD)) ile belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Böylece analiz edilen örneklerde AFM1 kontaminasyon düzeyinin halk sağlığı açısından bir endişe kaynağı olup olmadığı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla; piyasada perakende olarak satışa sunulan 45 adet salamura ve 45 adet kuru tuzlama olmak üzere toplamda 90 adet Van otlu peynir örneği incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda; salamura otlu peynir örneklerinden 8'inin (% 17.78) AFM1 pozitif olduğu belirlenirken kuru tuzlama otlu peynirlerinde ise sadece 1 (% 2.22) örnekte toksin tespit edilmiştir. İncelenen salamura ve kuru tuzlama Van otlu peynir örneklerinin AFM1 insidansı yönünden sırasıyla %82.2 (37 önek) ve %97.8 (44 örnek) AFM1 negatif olduğu saptanmıştır. Salamura Van otlu peynir örneklerinin
Cheese, a processed dairy product, is a common name given to a group of milk-based fermented foods produced all over the world in a wide variety of flavors and forms. One of the biggest problems threatening milk and dairy products is mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins, which are formed as a result of secondary metabolism of fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria, are natural toxins with different chemical structures and low molecular weight. Aflatoxins, which have an important place among mycotoxins, are among the most well-known natural pollutants on which scientists focus today within the scope of residues and contaminants. Aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius, and two sub-strains, Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris and Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus and are oxidized heterocyclic compounds that are structurally extremely similar. Cheese is the most potent source of aflatoxins among dairy products and 40-100% of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is bound to milk casein. Aflatoxins (Group 1) and AFM1 (Group 2B) for humans are classified as potential carcinogenic agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In this master's thesis, it was aimed to determine the presence and density of AFM1 in Van herby cheese produced by pickled and dry salting method, which are offered for sale in the market, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Fluorescent Detection (HPLC/FLD). Thus, it was tried to reveal whether the level of AFM1 contamination in the analyzed samples is a concern for public health. To this end; A total of 90 Van herby cheese samples, 45 in pickled and 45 dry salted, which are offered for retail sale in the market, were examined. As a result of the analyzes made; While it was determined that 8 (17.78%) of the pickled herby cheese samples were AFM1 positive, the toxin was detected in only 1 (2.22%) sample of the dry salted herbaceous cheeses. It was determined that the difference between AFM1 densities detected in pickled and dry salted Van herby cheese samples was significant (p<0.05). It was determined that 82.2% (37 samples) and 97.8% (44 samples) of pickled and dry salted Van herby cheese samples examined were negative for AFM1 in terms of AFM1 incidence, respectively. It was determined that pickled Van herb cheese samples were contaminated with AFM1 in amounts ranging from
Cheese, a processed dairy product, is a common name given to a group of milk-based fermented foods produced all over the world in a wide variety of flavors and forms. One of the biggest problems threatening milk and dairy products is mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxins, which are formed as a result of secondary metabolism of fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria, are natural toxins with different chemical structures and low molecular weight. Aflatoxins, which have an important place among mycotoxins, are among the most well-known natural pollutants on which scientists focus today within the scope of residues and contaminants. Aflatoxins are Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus nomius, and two sub-strains, Aspergillus flavus var. columnaris and Aspergillus parasiticus var. globosus and are oxidized heterocyclic compounds that are structurally extremely similar. Cheese is the most potent source of aflatoxins among dairy products and 40-100% of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is bound to milk casein. Aflatoxins (Group 1) and AFM1 (Group 2B) for humans are classified as potential carcinogenic agents by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). In this master's thesis, it was aimed to determine the presence and density of AFM1 in Van herby cheese produced by pickled and dry salting method, which are offered for sale in the market, by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Fluorescent Detection (HPLC/FLD). Thus, it was tried to reveal whether the level of AFM1 contamination in the analyzed samples is a concern for public health. To this end; A total of 90 Van herby cheese samples, 45 in pickled and 45 dry salted, which are offered for retail sale in the market, were examined. As a result of the analyzes made; While it was determined that 8 (17.78%) of the pickled herby cheese samples were AFM1 positive, the toxin was detected in only 1 (2.22%) sample of the dry salted herbaceous cheeses. It was determined that the difference between AFM1 densities detected in pickled and dry salted Van herby cheese samples was significant (p<0.05). It was determined that 82.2% (37 samples) and 97.8% (44 samples) of pickled and dry salted Van herby cheese samples examined were negative for AFM1 in terms of AFM1 incidence, respectively. It was determined that pickled Van herb cheese samples were contaminated with AFM1 in amounts ranging from
Description
Keywords
Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi, Aflatoksin M1, Aflatoksinler, Halk sağlığı, Kromatografi-yüksek basınçlı-sıvı, Otlu peynir, Peynirler, Van, Food Hygiene and Technology, Aflatoxin M1, Aflatoxins, Public health, Chromatography-high pressure-liquid, Herby cheese, Cheeses, Van
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