Effects of Bakuchiol on the Cardiovascular System in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, ratlarda yüksek yağlı diyetle oluşturulmuş ateroskleroz modelinde, bakuchiolün (BAK) oksidan ve antioksidasyon parametreler üzerine etkilerini göstermek, histopatolojik olarak aterosklerotik sürece faydalarını saptamak amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma, BAK maddesinin aterosklerotik kardiyovasküler hastalıklardan koruyucu etkilerini araştırmak ve bu etkilerin potansiyel mekanizmasını belirlemek için tasarlanmıştır Gereç ve Yöntem: 48 tane erkek Wistar cinsi erkek ratın dahil edildiği çalışmada aterojenik diyet, (%10 kolesterol ve %4 kolik asit) günlük total kcal in %61.6 sı yağdan oluşacak şekilde palet yem olarak verildi. Randomize edilen ratlar 6 gruba ayrıldı (Standart diyet (SD), SD+Bakuchiol (BAK1, 10M), Yüksek yağlı diyet (YYD), YYD+BAK1 (10M), YYD+BAK2 (50 M), SD+BAK2 (50 M). Bakuchiol dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) ile çözündürülecek ve haftalık taze olarak hazırlandı. Standart olarak 10 M dozunda ve 50 M dozunda oral gavaj yoluyla verildi. Çalışma 12 hafta planlandı. Ratların 0., 3., 6., 9., 12. haftalarda hem hassas terazi ile ağırlıkları ölçüldü. 6. hafta sonunda her gruptan 4 rat olacak şekilde ratların yarısı sonlandırıldı. Abdominal venden fazla kan alma yoluyla ötenazi uygulandı. Alınan kandan CRP, Total kolesterol, LDL, HDL, Trigliserit düzeyleri ticari kitler kullanılarak otoanalizörde ölçüldü. Alınan materyallerden inflamasyonu ve oksidatif stresi yansıtan okside LDL, TNF alfa, IL-1B, IL-6 düzeyleri, IL-10, süperoksit dizmutaz (SOD), endotelyal hasarı gösteren von Willebrand faktörü (vWF) ve Nitrik oksit (NO) ticari kitler kullanılarak ELISA yöntemi ile çalışıldı. Çalışmaya diğer ratlarla devam edildi ve 12. hafta sonunda kalan ratlara ötenazi uygulandı. Bir önceki gruplarda uygulanan protokol bu gruplarda da uygulandı. Bu sayede yüksek yağlı aterojenik diyetin ve yüksek yağlı diyetle birlikte bakuchiol maddesinin lipit metabolizması, kardiyak dokular üzerine antioksidasyon, antiaterojenik etkilerinin 6. ve 12. Haftalık sonuçları karşılaştırıldı. Karotis arter, abdominal ve iliac arterlerdeki aterosklerotik değişiklikler histopatolojik olarak incelendi. Kardiyak hasar histopatolojik değişikliklerin derecesi ve yaygınlığına göre semikantitatif olarak belirlendi. Çalışmada kardiyovasküler olaylarla, koroner arter aterosklerozuyla, miyokard enfarktüsü ve felç olma riskiyle direkt ilişkili olan karotis intima media kalınlığı hematoksilen-eozin ve von gierson histopatolojik boyama yöntemiyle incelendi. Çalışmamızda bakuchiolün etkinliği NF-kB transkripsiyon faktörü üzerinden immünohistokimyasal olarak incelendi. Bulgular: Sıçanlarda 12 hafta sonunda abdominal aorta ve iliac arterlerde standart diyet gruplarında (grup1, grup 2 ve grup 6) aterom plağı gözlenmezken, yüksek yağlı diyet grubunun (Grup 3) tamamında aterom plak varlığı gözlendi (p=0.007). Ayrıca yüksek yağlı diyetle beslenen rat grubuna bakuchiolün 10M ve 50 M dozları verildiğinde oransal olarak aterom plak oluşumunda azalma gözlendi. Abdominal aorta ve iliac arterler endotel düzenliliği açısından incelendiğinde, Grup 1 in tamamında endotel düzenli gözlenirken, grup 3 ün tamamında endotel düzensizliği olduğu gözlendi (p=0.031). Yüksek yağlı diyetle beslenen rat grubuna bakuchiolün 10M ve 50 M dozları verildiğinde ise oransal olarak endotel düzenliliğinde artış gözlendi. Yüksek yağ içeriğine sahip (yağ içeriği %35) diyetle 6 haftalık beslenmeler sonucunda kolesterol düzeylerinde grup 5 (YYD+BAK2) te grup 3 (YYD) e göre anlamlı azalma olduğu, trigliserit seviyelerinin grup 5 te grup 4(YYD+BAK1) hariç diğer gruplara kıyasla fazla olduğu, HDL ve LDL düzeylerinin grup 3 e kıyasla grup 5 te anlamlı azaldığı gözlendi (p<0.05). 12 haftalık diyet sonucunda ise kolesterolün BAK1 verilen gruplarda standart diyet grubuna (grup 2) göre yüksek yağlı diyet grubunda (grup 4) anlamlı artış gösterdiği, trigliserit düzeylerinde gruplar arasında anlamlı fark olmadığı, HDL nin grup 3 e göre grup 4 te anlamlı yüksek olduğu, LDL düzeyleri açısından anlamlı fark oluşmadığı gözlendi (p > 0.05). 12 hafta boyunca yüksek yağlı diyetle beslenen sıçanlarda, standart rat diyetiyle beslenen sıçanlara kıyasla serum total kolesterol, trigliserit, LDL, HDL seviyelerinde anlamlı bir fark olmadığı gözlendi (p > 0.05). Okside LDL düzeylerinin 6. Hafta sonuçlarında gruplar arasında fark saptanmazken, 12. Hafta sonuçlarında grup 1 e kıyasla grup 3 te anlamlı artış olduğu gözlenledi. Standart diyet gruplarında Grup 1 e kıyasla grup 2 ve grup 6 da okside-LDL seviyesinde anlamlı artış gözlenirken, Grup 3 e kıyasla grup 4 ve grup 5 te anlamlı derecede azalma olduğu saptandı. TNF-a düzeylerinde 6. haftada diğer gruplar arasında anlamlı fark yokken grup 2'nin grup 1'e göre anlamlı derecede yüksek TNF-α seviyesine sahip olduğu gözlendi (p < 0.05). 12. Hafta sonuçlarında ise Grup 3, grup 1 ve grup 4'e kıyasla anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek TNF-α seviyesine sahipti (p < 0.05). IL-1B seviyelerinde 6. ve 12. Hafta sonuçlarında gruplar arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmedi. 6. Hafta sonuçlarında Grup 3 ün diğer gruplara kıyasla anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek vWF seviyesine sahip olduğu gözlendi (p < 0.05). 12. Hafta sonuçlarında Grup 3 ün diğer gruplara kıyasla anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek vWF seviyesine sahip olduğu, grup 4 ve grup 5 te ise vWF seviyelerinin azaldığı gözlendi (p < 0.05). 6. Hafta sonucunda Grup 2 nin, grup 1 ve grup 5'e göre anlamlı derecede yüksek NOS seviyesine sahip olduğu gözlendi (p < 0.05). 12. Hafta sonunda Grup 2, grup 1'e kıyasla anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek NOS seviyesine sahipti (p < 0.05). İstatistiksel anlamlılığa ulaşmasa da 12 hafta sonunda yüksek yağlı diyetle beslenen ratlarda NF-kB aktivitesinin arttığı, bakuchiolün 10M ve 50 M dozları ile NF-kB aktivitesinde azalma olduğu gösterildi. Sonuç: Bakuchiol ateroskleroz üzerine, endotel düzenliliğini koruma ve aterom plak oluşumunu engelleme şeklinde etkiler göstermiştir. Bulgularımız bu etkilerin okside LDL, IL 10, NF-kB ve vWF düzeylerinde azalma neticesinde ortaya çıkabileceğini göstermektedir. Bakuchiolün kardiyovasküler sistem üzerine etkilerini inceleyen daha geniş seriler ile yapılacak ek çalışmalar, bu konuda aydınlatıcı olacaktır. Bakuchiol moleküler düzeyde daha detaylı çalışmalarla aydınlatılması gereken mekanizmaların etkileriyle olumlu sonuçlar almamıza sebep olmuştur. Bakuchiolün ateroskleroz tedavisinde etkili bir tedavi yöntemi olabileceğini düşünmekteyiz. İleri preklinik ve klinik çalışmalarla bakuchiolün etki mekanizmasının aydınlatılması, uygun doz ayarlanması ve uygulama yönteminin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Bakuchiol, ateroskleroz, hiperlipidemi, yüksek yağlı diyet, antiinflamatuvar
Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of bakuchiol (BAK) on oxidant and antioxidation parameters in a high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model in rats and to determine its benefits on the atherosclerotic process histopathologically. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of BAK against atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and to determine the potential mechanism of these effects. Materials and Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were included in the study in which atherogenic diet (10% cholesterol and 4% cholic acid) was given as pallet feed consisting of 61.6% of total daily kcal from fat. Randomized rats were divided into 6 groups (Standard diet (SD), SD+Bakuchiol (BAK1, 10M), High fat diet (HFD), HFD+BAK1 (10M), HFD+BAK2 (50 M), SD+BAK2 (50 M). Bakuchiol was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and prepared fresh weekly. It was given by oral gavage at a dose of 10 M and 50 M as standard. The study was planned for 12 weeks. The weights of the rats were measured with a precision balance at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, 12. At the end of the 6th week, half of the rats were terminated with 4 rats from each group. Euthanasia was performed by drawing excess blood from the abdominal vein. CRP, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride levels were measured by autoanalyzer using commercial kits. Oxidized LDL, TNF alpha, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, superoxide dysmutase (SOD), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and nitric oxide (NO) levels reflecting inflammation and oxidative stress were measured by ELISA method using commercial kits. The study was continued with the other rats and the remaining rats were euthanized at the end of the 12th week. The protocol applied in the previous groups was also applied in these groups. In this way, the 6th and 12th week results of the lipid metabolism, antioxidation and antiatherogenic effects of high fat atherogenic diet and high fat diet with bakuchiol on cardiac tissues were compared. Atherosclerotic changes in the carotid arteries, abdominal and iliac arteries were examined histopathologically. Cardiac damage was semiquantitatively determined according to the degree and extent of histopathologic changes. Carotid intima-media thickness, which is directly related to cardiovascular events, coronary artery atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke risk, was examined by hematoxylin-eosin and von gierson histopathological staining. In our study, the efficacy of bakuchiol was examined immunohistochemically through NF-kB transcription factor. Results: At the end of 12 weeks, no atheroma plaque was observed in the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries in the standard diet groups (group 1, group 2 and group 6), whereas the presence of atheroma plaque was observed in the high fat diet group (group 3) (p=0.007). In addition, a proportional decrease in atheroma plaque formation was observed when 10M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol were administered to the high-fat diet fed rat group. When the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were examined in terms of endothelial regularity, endothelial regularity was observed in group 1, while endothelial irregularity was observed in group 3 (p=0.031). When 10 M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol were administered to the high fat diet fed rat group, a proportional increase in endothelial regularity was observed. As a result of 6-week feeding with high fat diet (fat content 35%), cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in group 5 (HFD+BAK2) compared to group 3 (HFD), triglyceride levels were higher in group 5 compared to other groups except group 4 (HFD+BAK1), HDL and LDL levels were significantly decreased in group 5 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). At the end of the 12-week diet, it was observed that cholesterol levels increased significantly in the high-fat diet group (group 4) compared to the standard diet group (group 2) in the groups given BAK1, there was no significant difference between the groups in triglyceride levels, HDL levels were significantly higher in group 4 compared to group 3, and there was no significant difference in LDL levels (p > 0.05). In rats fed high-fat diet for 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels compared to rats fed standard rat diet (p > 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in oxidized LDL levels at week 6, but a significant increase was observed in group 3 compared to group 1 at week 12. In the standard diet groups, a significant increase in oxidized-LDL levels was observed in group 2 and group 6 compared to group 1, while a significant decrease was observed in group 4 and group 5 compared to group 3. While there was no significant difference in TNF-α levels between the other groups at week 6, group 2 had significantly higher TNF-α levels than group 1 (p < 0.05). At week 12, group 3 had significantly higher TNF-α levels compared to group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in IL-1B levels between the groups at 6 and 12 weeks. At week 6, group 3 had significantly higher vWF levels compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). At week 12, it was observed that group 3 had significantly higher vWF levels compared to the other groups, while vWF levels decreased in group 4 and group 5 (p < 0.05). At the end of week 6, group 2 had significantly higher NOS levels compared to group 1 and group 5 (p < 0.05). At the end of week 12, group 2 had significantly higher NOS levels compared to group 1 (p <0.05). Although it did not reach statistical significance, it was shown that NF-kB activity increased in rats fed a high-fat diet at the end of 12 weeks and NF-kB activity decreased with 10M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol. Conclusion: Bakuchiol showed effects on atherosclerosis by protecting endothelial regularity and inhibiting atheroma plaque formation. Our findings suggest that these effects may be mediated by a decrease in oxidized LDL, IL 10, NF-kB and vWF levels. Additional studies with larger series examining the effects of bakuchiol on the cardiovascular system will be enlightening in this regard. Bakuchiol has caused us to get positive results with the effects of mechanisms that need to be elucidated by more detailed studies at the molecular level. We think that bakuchiol may be an effective treatment modality in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of bakuchiol and to determine the appropriate dose adjustment and method of administration. Keywords: Bakuchiol, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, high fat diet, antiinflammatory
Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of bakuchiol (BAK) on oxidant and antioxidation parameters in a high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis model in rats and to determine its benefits on the atherosclerotic process histopathologically. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of BAK against atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and to determine the potential mechanism of these effects. Materials and Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were included in the study in which atherogenic diet (10% cholesterol and 4% cholic acid) was given as pallet feed consisting of 61.6% of total daily kcal from fat. Randomized rats were divided into 6 groups (Standard diet (SD), SD+Bakuchiol (BAK1, 10M), High fat diet (HFD), HFD+BAK1 (10M), HFD+BAK2 (50 M), SD+BAK2 (50 M). Bakuchiol was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and prepared fresh weekly. It was given by oral gavage at a dose of 10 M and 50 M as standard. The study was planned for 12 weeks. The weights of the rats were measured with a precision balance at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, 12. At the end of the 6th week, half of the rats were terminated with 4 rats from each group. Euthanasia was performed by drawing excess blood from the abdominal vein. CRP, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride levels were measured by autoanalyzer using commercial kits. Oxidized LDL, TNF alpha, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-10, superoxide dysmutase (SOD), von Willebrand factor (vWF) and nitric oxide (NO) levels reflecting inflammation and oxidative stress were measured by ELISA method using commercial kits. The study was continued with the other rats and the remaining rats were euthanized at the end of the 12th week. The protocol applied in the previous groups was also applied in these groups. In this way, the 6th and 12th week results of the lipid metabolism, antioxidation and antiatherogenic effects of high fat atherogenic diet and high fat diet with bakuchiol on cardiac tissues were compared. Atherosclerotic changes in the carotid arteries, abdominal and iliac arteries were examined histopathologically. Cardiac damage was semiquantitatively determined according to the degree and extent of histopathologic changes. Carotid intima-media thickness, which is directly related to cardiovascular events, coronary artery atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and stroke risk, was examined by hematoxylin-eosin and von gierson histopathological staining. In our study, the efficacy of bakuchiol was examined immunohistochemically through NF-kB transcription factor. Results: At the end of 12 weeks, no atheroma plaque was observed in the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries in the standard diet groups (group 1, group 2 and group 6), whereas the presence of atheroma plaque was observed in the high fat diet group (group 3) (p=0.007). In addition, a proportional decrease in atheroma plaque formation was observed when 10M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol were administered to the high-fat diet fed rat group. When the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries were examined in terms of endothelial regularity, endothelial regularity was observed in group 1, while endothelial irregularity was observed in group 3 (p=0.031). When 10 M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol were administered to the high fat diet fed rat group, a proportional increase in endothelial regularity was observed. As a result of 6-week feeding with high fat diet (fat content 35%), cholesterol levels were significantly decreased in group 5 (HFD+BAK2) compared to group 3 (HFD), triglyceride levels were higher in group 5 compared to other groups except group 4 (HFD+BAK1), HDL and LDL levels were significantly decreased in group 5 compared to group 3 (p<0.05). At the end of the 12-week diet, it was observed that cholesterol levels increased significantly in the high-fat diet group (group 4) compared to the standard diet group (group 2) in the groups given BAK1, there was no significant difference between the groups in triglyceride levels, HDL levels were significantly higher in group 4 compared to group 3, and there was no significant difference in LDL levels (p > 0.05). In rats fed high-fat diet for 12 weeks, there was no significant difference in serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL levels compared to rats fed standard rat diet (p > 0.05). There was no difference between the groups in oxidized LDL levels at week 6, but a significant increase was observed in group 3 compared to group 1 at week 12. In the standard diet groups, a significant increase in oxidized-LDL levels was observed in group 2 and group 6 compared to group 1, while a significant decrease was observed in group 4 and group 5 compared to group 3. While there was no significant difference in TNF-α levels between the other groups at week 6, group 2 had significantly higher TNF-α levels than group 1 (p < 0.05). At week 12, group 3 had significantly higher TNF-α levels compared to group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in IL-1B levels between the groups at 6 and 12 weeks. At week 6, group 3 had significantly higher vWF levels compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). At week 12, it was observed that group 3 had significantly higher vWF levels compared to the other groups, while vWF levels decreased in group 4 and group 5 (p < 0.05). At the end of week 6, group 2 had significantly higher NOS levels compared to group 1 and group 5 (p < 0.05). At the end of week 12, group 2 had significantly higher NOS levels compared to group 1 (p <0.05). Although it did not reach statistical significance, it was shown that NF-kB activity increased in rats fed a high-fat diet at the end of 12 weeks and NF-kB activity decreased with 10M and 50 M doses of bakuchiol. Conclusion: Bakuchiol showed effects on atherosclerosis by protecting endothelial regularity and inhibiting atheroma plaque formation. Our findings suggest that these effects may be mediated by a decrease in oxidized LDL, IL 10, NF-kB and vWF levels. Additional studies with larger series examining the effects of bakuchiol on the cardiovascular system will be enlightening in this regard. Bakuchiol has caused us to get positive results with the effects of mechanisms that need to be elucidated by more detailed studies at the molecular level. We think that bakuchiol may be an effective treatment modality in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of bakuchiol and to determine the appropriate dose adjustment and method of administration. Keywords: Bakuchiol, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, high fat diet, antiinflammatory
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Kardiyoloji, Ateroskleroz, Cardiology, Atherosclerosis
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