Relationship Between Blood Antioxidant Enzyme Levels and Genotype in Sportman Training at High-Altitude
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2011
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Serbest radikaller dış otbitalinde ortaklanmamış bir elektronu bulunan yüksek reaktif atomlar veya moleküllerdir. Serbest radikaller bir çok biyolojik işlem için gereklidir. Bunun yanı sıra, üretimleri iyi kontrol edilmezse hücreler ve dokular için oldukça yıkıcı olabilirler. Reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretilmesi ile vücudun antioksidan savunma kapasitesi arasındaki dengesizlik olan oksidatif stres; yaşlanma ve kanser, kardiovasküler hastalıklar, diyabet, alzeimer gibi hastalıklarla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Düzenli fiziksel aktivite modern tıpta pek çok hastalıkta tedavi ve koruyucu amaçlı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Her ne kadar akut fiziksel egzersiz oksidatif stresi arttırsa da, düzenli egzersiz programları oksidan savunmayı kuvvetlendirmektedir. Bir çok araştırma yoğun fiziksel egzersizlerin oksidatif stresi arttırdığını ve iskelet kasında oksidatif hasara neden olduğunu rapor etmiştir. Hipoksik şartlarda ise; bu süreç daha yoğun olacak gibi görünmektedir. Bazı çalışmalar hipoksik egzersiz yapılırken oksijene bağlı serbest radikallerin üretiminde artış olduğunu belirtmiştir. Yüksek irtifa şartlarında yapılan egzersizler süresince oluşan reaktif oksijen türlerinin temel kaynakları; hipoksiyadan sonra reperfüzyona bağlı reaksiyonlardır. Oksijene bağlı serbest radikallerde artış aynı zamanda, gronülositlerin hipoksik dokulara göç etmesi ve aktivasyonuyla yükselmektedir. Buna ek olarak; hipoksiya, hidroksil radikalini katalize etmek için bazı geçiş metallerinin (Fe, Mg,Cu) serbestlenmesine öncülük eder. Bu reaktif oksijen türlerinin faaliyetlerinin sonucu; son ürünleri thiobarbitüric asitle (TBARS) reaksiyona giren maddeler (başlıca malondialdehit (MDA)) olan, lipid peroksidasyonudur. Süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz (CAT) gibi antioksidan enzimler, oksijene bağlı serbest radikalleri hücre içinde daha az reaktif forma indirgemek veya azaltmaktan sorumludurlar. Yüksek irtifa şartları organizma fonksiyonlarında değişimlere neden olur. Solunan havadaki düşük oksijen konsantrasyonu, düşük ısı ve uzun süre ultravitole ışınlara maruz kalmak bu değişikliklere sebep olur. Derin solunum hareketleri, kalp atım sayısının artması, dolaşan eritrositlerin sayısındaki ve hemoglobin konsantrasyonundaki artış, yüksek irtifa şartlarına aklimatizasyonun etkileridir. Bu etkileri nedeniyle hipoksik ortama çıkış profesyonel sporcular için, bir antrenman programı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı yüksek irtifa antrenmanın oksidatif stres üzerine etkisini araştırmaktır. Ayrıca Mangan Süperoksit Dismutaz (Mn-SOD), Glutatyon Peroksidaz-3 (GSH-Px3) ve Katalaz (CAT) enzimlerinin gen polimorfizmine bakılarak bu polimorfizmin insidansını araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, çalışmaya katılacak yaşları 20 ? 25 yıl olan 30 erkek deneğe 10 günlük yüksek irtifa (2800m.) kampı yaptırılacaktır. Denekler; düzenli egzersiz yapan sporcu (10 kişi), sedanter (10 kişi) ve sedanter kontrol (10 kişi) olmak üzere 3 gruba ayrılacaktır. Sporcu ve sedanter grup yüksek irtifada aerobik antrenman programı uygularken, sedanter kontrol grubuna egzersiz yaptırılmayacaktır. Deneklerin kan örnekleri; egzersizden hemen önce ve hemen sonra, yüksek irtifaya çıkmadan, yüksek irtifada 1.,5. ve 10. gün ve yüksek irtifadan dönüşte alınacaktır. Kan örnekleri malondealdehit (MDA), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px) değerleri için analiz edilecektir. Düzenli egzersiz yapan sporcu, sedanter ve sedanter kontrol grubu arasında plazma MDA seviyesi ve antioksidan enzim aktivitesini (GSH-Px, CAT ve SOD) karşılaştırdık. Düzenli egzersiz yapan sporcu, sedanter ve kontrol grubunda, plazma MDA ve SOD düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak farklılık saptanmadı (p> 0.05). Oysaki, düzenli egzersiz yapan sporcu, sedanter ve kontrol grubu arasında yüksek irtifaya çıkmadan, yüksek irtifada 1.,5. ve 10. gün ve yüksek irtifadan dönüşte, CAT ve GSH-Px aktivitesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişiklik saptandı (p < 0.05). Çalışmamızın moleküler kısmında ise; düzenli egzersiz yapan sporcu, sedanter ve kontrol grubu arasında yüksek irtifaya çıkmadan, yüksek irtifada 1.,5. ve 10. gün ve yüksek irtifadan dönüşte Mn-SOD ve GSH-Px1 genotipleri için istatistiksel olarak farklılık saptanmadı. Ama CAT genotipinde anlamlı farklılık gözlendi ( p< 0.05). İki gen için de allel frekansı açısından sedanter ve kontrol grubu arasında farklılık yoktu, ama CAT allelinde anlamlı farklılık gözlendi (p<0.01). Sonuç olarak, yüksek irtifanın oksidatif stres ve antioksidan enzimlerin gen aktivitesinde rol oynayabileceğini düşünüyoruz.Anahtar Kelimeler: Yüksek İrtifa, Oksidatif Stres, Serbest Radikaller, Antioksidan, Egzersiz, Polimorfizm.
Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital. Free radicals are essential for many normal biological processes. However, they can become highly destructive to cells and tissues if their production is not tightly controlled. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense capacity of the body, is closely associated with aging and a number of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and Alzheimer. In modern medicine, regular physical exercise is an important tool in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Although acute exhaustive exercise increases oxidative stress, exercise training has been shown to up regulate antioxidant protection. Numerous studies have shown that aerobic physical exercises can increase free radical production and cause oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle. In hypoxic conditions, these processes seem to be more intensified. The main sources of reactive oxygen species during exercise in high altitude conditions are reaction induced bay reperfusion after hypoxia. The increase of oxygen derived free radicals generation is also observed during migration and activation of gronulocytes to hipoxic tissues. In addition, hypoxia leads to freeing of transition metals (Fe, Mg, Cu) to catalyze hydroxyl radical. The consequence of the action of this reactive oxygen species is lipid peroxidation, whose final products are substances reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS)- mainly malondialdehyde (MDA). Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), are responsible for the elimination of or decomposition of oxygen derived free radicals inte less reactive forms within the cell. High altitude conditions lead to changes in organism functions. The cause of these changes is lower concentration in breathing air, low temperature, and long lasting influence of ultraviolet radiation. The deeper respiratory movements, increase of heart rate, elevation of the number of circulating erythrocytes and concentration of hemoglobin are an effect of high altitude condition acclimatization. Therefore exposure to a hypoxic environment has also been used for training programmes in professional athletes. The aim of this research is investigate the effects of high altitude training on oxidative stress. Moreover, the incidence of this polymorphism is being researched by looking at the gene polymorphism of the enzymes of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Mn-SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase-3 (GSH-Px1) and Catalase (CAT). For this aim, 30 male subject aged 20-25 yr old will join a high altitude camp on 2750 m for 10 days. Subjects will be divided into 3 groups such as sportsmen (n=10), sedentary (n=10) and sedentary control (n=10). Although the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control group won?t do any physical exercise. Blood samples will be obtain pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise, before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude. Blood samples will be analyze for malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) We compared antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, CAT and SOD) and plasma MDA levels between the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control, MDA and SOD levels the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control, groups were not detected statistical difference (p> 0.05). Whereas, we were found statistical difference in, CAT and GSH-Px activity between sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude ( p< 0.05) . In the molecular part of our study, we haven?t found any statistical difference between sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude for Mn-SOD and GSH-Px1 genotype (p> 0.05). but found a remarkable difference for CAT genotype For all of the two genes, there were no difference between the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group in terms of allele frequency) but found a remarkable difference for CAT allele (p<0.01). Consequently, oxidative stress and gene activity of antioxidant enzymes might be play an important role of high altitude,.Keywords: High Altitude, Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals, Antioxidant, Exercise, Polymorphism
Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that have an unpaired electron in their outer orbital. Free radicals are essential for many normal biological processes. However, they can become highly destructive to cells and tissues if their production is not tightly controlled. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense capacity of the body, is closely associated with aging and a number of diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and Alzheimer. In modern medicine, regular physical exercise is an important tool in the prevention and treatment of diseases. Although acute exhaustive exercise increases oxidative stress, exercise training has been shown to up regulate antioxidant protection. Numerous studies have shown that aerobic physical exercises can increase free radical production and cause oxidative damage in the skeletal muscle. In hypoxic conditions, these processes seem to be more intensified. The main sources of reactive oxygen species during exercise in high altitude conditions are reaction induced bay reperfusion after hypoxia. The increase of oxygen derived free radicals generation is also observed during migration and activation of gronulocytes to hipoxic tissues. In addition, hypoxia leads to freeing of transition metals (Fe, Mg, Cu) to catalyze hydroxyl radical. The consequence of the action of this reactive oxygen species is lipid peroxidation, whose final products are substances reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS)- mainly malondialdehyde (MDA). Antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), are responsible for the elimination of or decomposition of oxygen derived free radicals inte less reactive forms within the cell. High altitude conditions lead to changes in organism functions. The cause of these changes is lower concentration in breathing air, low temperature, and long lasting influence of ultraviolet radiation. The deeper respiratory movements, increase of heart rate, elevation of the number of circulating erythrocytes and concentration of hemoglobin are an effect of high altitude condition acclimatization. Therefore exposure to a hypoxic environment has also been used for training programmes in professional athletes. The aim of this research is investigate the effects of high altitude training on oxidative stress. Moreover, the incidence of this polymorphism is being researched by looking at the gene polymorphism of the enzymes of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (Mn-SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase-3 (GSH-Px1) and Catalase (CAT). For this aim, 30 male subject aged 20-25 yr old will join a high altitude camp on 2750 m for 10 days. Subjects will be divided into 3 groups such as sportsmen (n=10), sedentary (n=10) and sedentary control (n=10). Although the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control group won?t do any physical exercise. Blood samples will be obtain pre-exercise and immediately post-exercise, before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude. Blood samples will be analyze for malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) We compared antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, CAT and SOD) and plasma MDA levels between the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control, MDA and SOD levels the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude, sedentary control, groups were not detected statistical difference (p> 0.05). Whereas, we were found statistical difference in, CAT and GSH-Px activity between sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude ( p< 0.05) . In the molecular part of our study, we haven?t found any statistical difference between sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group before ascending altitude, at 1st, 5th, 10th day at high altitude and post altitude for Mn-SOD and GSH-Px1 genotype (p> 0.05). but found a remarkable difference for CAT genotype For all of the two genes, there were no difference between the sportsmen and sedentary group doing aerobic exercise at high altitude and control group in terms of allele frequency) but found a remarkable difference for CAT allele (p<0.01). Consequently, oxidative stress and gene activity of antioxidant enzymes might be play an important role of high altitude,.Keywords: High Altitude, Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals, Antioxidant, Exercise, Polymorphism
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Fizyoloji, Genetik, Spor, Antioksidanlar, Antrenman, Enzimler, Genotip, Spor, Sporcular, Yüksek İrtifa, Physiology, Genetics, Sports, Antioxidants, Training, Enzymes, Genotype, Sports, Sportsmen, High Altitude
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