Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi

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2,6-Bis((e) and Its Metal(Ii) Complexes: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Biological Activity, and Photoluminescence Features
(Wiley-v C H verlag Gmbh, 2013) Gulcan, Mehmet; Zengin, Huseyin; Celebi, Metin; Sonmez, Mehmet; Berber, Ismet
The preparation, characterization, magnetic measurements, antimicrobial activity, and photoluminescence properties of a number of metal complexes with a Schiff base ligand derived from 2, 6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and 1-amino-5-benzoyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrimidine-2-thione are reported herein. UV/Vis spectra and magnetic measurements infer square planar stereochemistry for Pd-II and Pt-II complexes, and octahedral arrangement for the other metal complexes. The compounds results in intense emission (where (max) = 402 nm) upon irradiation by UV light. The photoluminescence quantum yields and long excited-state lifetimes of the ligand and its complexes were calculated as 42% and 3.94 ns, respectively. The photoluminescence intensities and quantum yields of metal complexes changed upon complexation with various metal ions. The ligand and its complexes are of interest as organic emitting materials for electroluminescent devices. The complexes were additionally evaluated for in vitro the antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. While Cu-II, Co-II, and Pt-II complexes have good antifungal efficiency against yeast (MICs, 80 gmL(-1)), only the complex [Cu(L)(AcO)]4H(2)O had effective and selective antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms with MIC values in the range of 40-80 gmL(-1), except for E. coli ATCC 4230. This study suggests that the complex [Cu(L)(AcO)]4H(2)O may be a new potential antimicrobial substance towards bacteria and fungi.
2-[(2-Bromo-phen-yl)imino-meth-yl]-6-methyl-phenol
(int Union Crystallography, 2010) Karadag, Asli Tosyali; Atalay, Sehriman; Genc, Hasan
In the title compound, C14H12BrNO, is a Schiff base which adopts the phenol-imine tautomeric form in the solid state. The dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 34.26 (9)degrees and an intramolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring.
2-[(E)-2-Hy-droxy-5-(trifluoro-meth-oxy)benzyl-idene-amino]-4-methyl-phenol
(int Union Crystallography, 2011) Karadag, Asli Tosyali; Atalay, Sehriman; Genc, Hasan
The title compound, C15H12F3NO3, is a Schiff base which adopts the cis-quinoid form in the solid state. The dihedral angle between the least-squares planes of the benzene rings being 3.6 (1)degrees. The F atoms of the -CF3 group are disordered over two sets of sites with refined occupancies of 0.61 (5) and 0.39 (5). An intramolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds.
238u and 222rn Activity Concentrations and Total Radioactivity Levels in Lake Waters
(Springer, 2013) Zorer, O. Selcuk; Sahan, T.; Ceylan, H.; Dogru, M.; Sahin, S.
The concentrations and distributions of natural radioactivity, uranium and radon in lake waters from around Van, Turkey were investigated with an aim of evaluating the environmental radioactivity. Fourteen lake waters were collected from different six lakes around Van (Turkey) to determine U-238, Rn-222 and total alpha and total beta distributions in 2009. The total alpha and total beta activities were counted by using alpha/beta counter of the multi-detector low background system (PIC-MPC-9604) and the U-238 concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (Thermo Scientific Element 2) and radon concentrations were measured with the solid state nuclear track detector technique. The activity concentrations ranging from ND to 0.039 Bq L-1 and from 0.026 to 3.728 Bq L-1 for total alpha and beta, respectively, and uranium concentrations ranging from 0.083 to 3.078 mu g L-1, and radon concentrations varying between 47.80 and 354.86 Bq m(-3) were observed in the lake waters.
238u and Total Radioactivity in Drinking Waters in Van Province, Turkey
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2014) Selçuk Zorer, Ö.; Daǧ, B.
As part of the national survey to evaluate natural radioactivity in the environment, concentration levels of total radioactivity and natural uranium have been analysed in drinking water samples. A survey to study natural radioactivity in drinking waters was carried out in the Van province, East Turkey. Twenty-three samples of drinking water were collected in the Van province and analysed for total α, total β and 238U activity. The total α and total β activities were counted by using the α/β counter of the multi-detector low background system (PIC MPC-9604), and the 238U concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (Thermo Scientific Element 2). The samples were categorised according to origin: tap, spring or mineral supply. The activity concentrations for total α were found to range from 0.002 to 0.030 Bq L-1 and for total β from 0.023 to 1.351 Bq L-1. Uranium concentrations ranging from 0.562 to 14.710 μg L-1 were observed in drinking waters. Following the World Health Organisation rules, all investigated waters can be used as drinking water. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.
2x2 Tablolarında Bazı Örnek Genişlikleri ve I. Tip Hata Seviyeleri ($\\alpha$ ) için Kappa (K) İstatistiğine Ait Ampirik Olarak Gerçekleşen Kritik Değerler
(2004) Keskin, Sıddık
Kappa istatistiği, iki yönlü tablolarda uyum ölçüsü olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2x2 tablolarında, bazı $\\alpha$ (l. Tip hata) değerleri için yaygın olarak karşılaşılan örnek genişliklerine göre Kappa istatistiğinin kritik tablo değerlerinin elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, simülasyon metodu ile kesikli dağılım gösteren populasyondan örnek genişliği 6 ile 300'arasında değişen'J örnekler alınmıştır. Bu örneklerden 1.000.000 (bir milyon) simülasyon denemesi sonucunda, başlangıçta kararlaştırılan l. Tip hata; $\\alpha$ = 0.25, 0.20, 0.10, 0.05 ve 0.01 olduğunda, Kappa istatistiği için ampirik olarak gerçekleşen kritik değerler edilmiştir.
3,5-Dibenzoyl
(int Union Crystallography, 2009) Sahin, Zarife Sibel; Isik, Samil; Sener, Ahmet; Tan, Meltem
In the crystal structure of the title compound, C26H27NO3, a one-dimensional network of C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds and pi-ring interactions is responsible for crystal stabilization. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds and C-H center dot center dot center dot pi interactions produce R-2(2)(10), R-4(4)(27) and R-4(4)(29) rings.
3-Mcpd and Glycidol Levels in Edible Oils and Fats Obtained From Local Markets in Turkiye
(Consejo Superior investigaciones Cientificas-csic, 2023) Gunduz, A. O.; Ceylan, M. M.; Basturk, A.
In this study, it was aimed to determine the 3-MCPD and glycidol levels in 9 types (46 brands) of edible fat and oil offered for sale in markets located in Turkiye. 3-MCPD and glycidol levels were determined by making some modifications to the DGF C VI 18 (10) method. The highest levels of 3-MCPD and glycidol levels were detected in hazelnut oils, riviera olive oils, margarines, and shortenings. As expected, these contaminants were not observed in extra-virgin olive oils, while they were detected at low levels in fish oils. The highest 3-MCPD levels were found in the range of 0.06-2.12 mg & BULL;kg-1 in hazelnut oil, 0.16-1.69 mg & BULL;kg-1 in riviera olive oils, and 0.17-1.17 mg & BULL;kg-1 in margarines. The highest glycidol levels were found in the shortenings in the range of 1.98-6.46 mg & BULL;kg-1, followed by hazelnut oil (0.54-2.63 mg & BULL;kg-1) and riviera olive oil (0.19-3.53 mg & BULL;kg-1).
3.5 Ghz Radiofrequency Radiation May Affect Biomechanics of Bone and Muscle of Diabetics
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2023) Bektas, Hava; Dasdag, Suleyman; Nalbant, Asrin; Akdag, Mahmut Berat; Demir, Canan; Kavak, Servet
With the developments in wireless technologies, living beings are increasingly exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs are known to affect bone metabolism and muscle tissue. However, their effects on bones and skeletal muscles are controversial, as some studies have reported positive effects while others have reported adverse effects. In this study, the effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) on bone biomechanics and skeletal muscle tissues were investigated in diabetic and healthy rats. Rats were exposed to 3.5 GHz RFR for 2 h per day for 30 days. Bone biomechanics measurements were taken to evaluate the effects of RFR on bone quality, flexibility and durability. The whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) was found to be 37 mW/kg. The results showed that RFR exposure had adverse effects on bone biomechanics, including decreased elasticity coefficient and Young's modulus, increased maximum displacement and decreased maximum force. However, oxidative stress parameters in diabetics were also altered by 3.5 GHz RFR to a greater extent than in healthy rats. In conclusion, 3.5 GHz RFR may have potential to alter bone quality and structural integrity including muscle oxidative stress parameters in rats. It should be emphasized that the observed changes were more obvious in diabetic rats. In addition, the changes observed in healthy and diabetic rats exposed to RFR showed a statistically significant difference according to the sham groups.
3d Location Optimization of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Base Stations in Next-Generation Cellular Networks and a New Meta-Heuristic Approach
(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2021) Ozdag, Recep
The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) as mobile Base Stations (BSs) in wireless communication is emerging as an effective technique that should be used for the services planned in the next-generation cellular networks or in disaster situations. Currently, effective 3D placement of BS mounted on UAVs or Drones (Drone-BS), also called Low-altitude Air Platforms, in the defined area significantly increases the Quality of Service (QoS) of wireless communication. This study has been aimed to be performed dynamic deployments (location optimization) of Drone-BSs randomly distributed in the 3D plane in order to optimally cover the users in the urban environment according to the Air-to-Ground (ATG) model. Using new approaches based on the Electromagnetism-Like (EML) Algorithm and the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), which are widely used in the literature and are meta-heuristic, it was planned to be covered the maximum number of users on the ground by multiple Drone-BSs. In addition, Extensive-interval Optimal Fitness Search Algorithm (EOFSA-EML) and Discrete-interval Optimal Fitness Search Algorithm (DOFSA-EML) approaches were developed based on the EML algorithm. Based on comparison metrics for multiple Drone-BSs distributed by EOFSA-EML, DOFSA-EML, and Pure-WOA, it has been found that EML-based algorithms achieve optimal results compared to Pure-WOA.
4-Vinylpyridine Smart Nanoparticles With N-Isopropylacrylamide, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Acrylic Acid, and Methacrylic Acid for Potential Biomedical Applications
(Bentham Science Publ Ltd, 2011) Sahiner, Nurettin; Ozay, Ozgur; Aktas, Nahit
Stimuli-responsive (pH, temperature and magnetic field) 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP)-based nanoparticles in copolymeric formulation with core-shell morphology were synthesized using N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylic acid (AAc), and methacrylic acid (MAc) as shell-forming monomers. Keeping the 4-VP ratio constant and varying the comonomer amounts produced particles with variant shell thickness. Multi-responsive p(4-VP)-based nanoparticles were further modified by reacting with different functional groups containing bromoalkanes by quaternization. These p(4-VP)-based particles were also utilized to include composite materials by encapsulating separately prepared magnetic ferrites. To demonstrate the potential usage of the synthesized particles and their modified forms as drug delivery devices, naproxene sodium salt as an antibacterial drug was used for in vitro release studies in PBS.
500,000 Years of Environmental History in Eastern Anatolia: the Paleovan Drilling Project
(Copernicus Gesellschaft Mbh, 2012) Litt, Thomas; Anselmetti, Flavio; Baumgarten, Henrike; Beer, Juerg; Cagatay, Namik; Cukur, Deniz; Wonik, Thomas
International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) drilled a complete succession of the lacustrine sediment sequence deposited during the last similar to 500,000 years in Lake Van, Eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Based on a detailed seismic site survey, two sites at a water depth of up to 360 m were drilled in summer 2010, and cores were retrieved from sub-lake-floor depths of 140 m (Northern Basin) and 220 m (Ahlat Ridge). To obtain a complete sedimentary section, the two sites were multiple-cored in order to investigate the paleoclimate history of a sensitive semi-arid region between the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean seas. Further scientific goals of the PALEOVAN project are the reconstruction of earthquake activity, as well as the temporal, spatial, and compositional evolution of volcanism as reflected in the deposition of tephra layers. The sediments host organic matter from different sources and hence composition, which will be unravelled using biomarkers. Pathways for migration of continental and mantle-derived noble gases will be analyzed in pore waters. Preliminary 40Ar/39Ar single crystal dating of tephra layers and pollen analyses suggest that the Ahlat Ridge record encompasses more than half a million years of paleoclimate and volcanic/geodynamic history, providing the longest continental record in the entire Near East to date.
Ab Initio Calculations of Structural, Electronic, Elastic, Optical, and Dynamical Properties of Half-Heusler Lisib Compound
(Springer, 2022) Akyuz, Gonul Bilgec; Dogan, Emel Kilit; Yurdasan, Nazli Boz; Tunali, Aylin Yildiz; Gulebaglan, Sinem Erden
Structural, electrical, elastic, optical, and dynamical properties of LiSiB half-Heusler compound were analyzed based on density functional theory implemented in Quantum Espresso and ABINIT package programs. The effects of exchange-correlation interactions are handled by the generalized gradient approximation with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof parametrization. Firstly, the structure of this half-Heusler compound has been optimized and our results indicate that LiSiB reveals semiconducting behavior with an indirect band gap of 0.21 eV. The elastic constants, and other elastic modules have been computed. The mechanical stabilities of these alloys have been theoretically confirmed. The phonon dispersion spectra and phonon density of states in the Brillouin zone have been obtained and discussed. Also, the optical properties were calculated, and the results showed that the LiSiB alloy has a strong optical transition and the LiSiB crystal could be used in the design of optoelectronic devices. There are no results found on elastic, optical, and phonon features of LiSiB in the literature; hence, the findings reported here shed light on future studies.
Abdominal Hydatid Disease: Long-Term Results of Percutaneous Treatment
(Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004) Etlik, O; Arslan, H; Bay, A; Sakarya, ME; Harman, M; Temizoz, O; Unal, O
Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous treatment under sonographic guidance in abdominal hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: Fifty-two hydatid cysts in 33 patients were treated using a percutaneous approach under sonographic guidance. Forty-five cysts were located in the liver, 6 in the spleen, and I in the pancreas. Forty-nine cysts were type 1, and 3 were type II. Thirty-one cysts in 15 patients were treated with puncture and aspiration of the contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, and respiration (PAIR); 15 cysts in 14 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, drainage, and injection of sclerosing agent (PAIDS); and 6 cysts in 4 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of sclerosing agent, and re-aspiration (mPAIDS). Hypertonic saline or alcohol was used as a scolicidal agent. The follow-up period was between 17 and 53 months. Results: A decrease in the dimensions of the cysts, solidification of the contents, and irregularity in the walls of cysts, all of which were considered signs of cure, were found in all patients. Recurrence was observed in one case and anaphylaxis in one. Conclusion: Percutaneous treatment of abdominal hydatid cysts is a safe, easily applicable, well-tolerated, and effective method.
Abnormal Liver Function Test in Hydatidiform Moles: a Retrospective Study Comparing the Hyperthyroid State and the Euthyroid State
(informa Healthcare, 2014) Kucukoglu, Mehmet Emin; Dulger, Ahmet Cumhur; Aslan, Mehmet; Olmez, Sehmus; Guler, Ayse; Aldemir, Mehmet Naci; Demirkiran, Davut
Introduction: The effect of a hyperthyroid or euthyroid state on liver function tests in patients with hydatidiform moles (HM) is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hyperthyroidism on liver transaminases in HM. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 80 patients with HM (23 complete moles and 57 partial moles). Results: Of the 80 HM patients, 52 (65%) were euthyroid and 28 (35%) were hyperthyroid. The number of gravida and the levels of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), AST, and ALT were significantly higher in the hyperthyroid state than in the euthyroid state (p = 0.033, p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001; respectively). Number of gravida, serum TSH and total T4 were significantly higher in complete HM than partial HM (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05; respectively). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that HM-related beta-HCG may activate thyroid cells via TSH-related signalling, resulting in the release of high levels of FT4, FT3, TT3 and TT4, and a subsequent decrease in TSH.
Absence of Right Superior Vena Cava and Aortic Annular Hypoplasia in a Patient With Turner's Syndrome
(Wiley, 2005) Kutay, V; Yakut, C
Cardiovascular abnormalities are frequently encountered in patients with Turner's syndrome. These include coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve, aortic root dilatation, atrial and ventricular septal defects, but absence of the right superior vena cava (SVC) in visceroatrial situs solitus is extremely rare. We report absence of the right SVC and congenital aortic annular hypoplasia with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis in a patient with Turner's syndrome. Aortic root extension with prosthetic valve replacement was performed and absent right SVC, which was detected incidentally during operation, is confirmed by postoperative venous angiogram.
Absorption Ratio of Treatment Couch and Effect on Surface and Build-Up Region Doses
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Tugrul, Taylan
Aim: In this study, at different fields, energies and gantry angles, treatment couch and rails dose absorption ratio and treatment couch effect on surface and build-up region doses were examined. Background: It is assumed that radiation attenuation is minimal because the carbon fiber couches have low density and it is not generally accounted for during treatment planning. Consequently, it leads to a major dosimetric mistake. Materials and methods: Solid water phantom was used for relative dose measurement. The measurements were done using a Farmer ion chamber with 0.6 cc volume and a parallel plane ion chamber starting from surface with 1 mm depth intervals at 10 x 10 cm(2) field, SSD 100 cm. Measurements were taken for situations where the beams intersect the couch and couch rails. Results: Dose absorption ratio of carbon fiber couch obtained at gantry angle of 180 was 1.52%, 0.69%, 0.33% and 0.25% at different field sizes for 6 MV. For 15 MV, this ratio was 0.95%, 0.27%, 0.20% and 0.05%. The absorption ratio is between 3.4% and 1.22% when the beams intersect with couch rails. The couch effect increased surface dose from 14% to 70% for 6 MV and from 11.34% to 53.03% for 15 MV. Conclusions: The results showed that the carbon fiber couch increased surface dose during posterior irradiation. Therefore, the skin -sparing effect of the high energy beams was decreased. If the effect of couch is not considered, it may cause significant differences at dose which reaches the patient and may cause tissue problems such as erythema. (C) 2017 Greater Poland Cancer Centre. Published by Elsevier Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.
An Accelerated Radiotherapy Scheme Using a Concomitant Boost Technique for the Treatment of Unresectable Stage Iii Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
(Oxford Univ Press, 2005) Izmirli, M; Yaman, F; Buyukpolat, MY; Yoney, A; Unsal, M
Background: We designed a phase II trial for evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of an accelerated concomitant boost radiotherapy scheme for the treatment of the patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Thirty patients with unresectable stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC were prospectively enrolled in this protocol. All patients were scheduled to receive 15 fractions of conventionai radiotherapy in doses of 1.8Gy, to a total of 27 Gy. For the last 10 treatment days, an accelerated concomitant boost schedule was started that was composed of 1.8 Gy/fraction/day, 5days/week to the large field and 1.8 Gy/fraction/day to the boost field 6 h apart, to a total dose of 63 Gy/35 fractions/5 weeks. Results: Median follow-up time was 13 months (range, 5-50 months; 3-year overall, disease-free, loco-regional disease-free and metastasis-free survivals were 23%, 19%, 19% and 23%, respectively). The most common acute toxicity was esophagitis in 31% of patients with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) criteria grade 1, and in 54% with grade 2. Radiation pneumonitis developed in 16% of patients with RTOG/EORTC grade 1. Three-year actuarial rate of late pulmonary and skin-subcutaneous toxicity were 12% and 16%, respectively. No late radiotherapy complications of spinal cord or esophagus were recorded. Conclusion: Overall survival, local control and freedom from local progression were comparable with the results reported with pure hyperfractionated radiotherapy. The overall rate of acute and late toxicity was acceptable.
Accumulation and Tolerance of Pb in Some Bioenergy Crops
(Hard, 2018) Celebi, Seyda Zorer; Ekin, Zehra; Zorer, Ozlem Selcuk
Contamination of agricultural soil is a worldwide problem, with heavy metals being a major part of the concern. Bioenergy crop production is also a profitable phytoremediation strategy using biofuel crops for both utilization and remediation of contaminated soil. To investigate lead (Pb) accumulation and tolerance of three different energy crop cultivars, three-week-old healthy seedlings were grown in Hoagland solution supplemented with five different concentrations of Pb 0, 25, 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg. At the end of 30 days, Pb content and translocation, tolerance index, bioconcentration factor, and growth parameters of the plants were evaluated in the study. Results showed that increasing Pb concentrations did not affected the growth and development of Sunburst (Panicum virgatum L.) and Dincer (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. The highest Pb contents were also found in roots and shoots of Sunburst and Tarsan-1018 (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars. Dincer cultivar has a high ability to transfer Pb from root to shoot when compared to others. These results suggest that these cultivars may be good candidates for remediation of Pb-contaminated areas for use in biofuel production.
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (Arfi) Elastography Quantification of Muscle Stiffness Over a Course of Gradual Isometric Contractions: a Preliminary Study
(Soc Romana Ultrasonografe Medicina Biologie-srumb, 2015) Yavuz, Alpaslan; Bora, Aydin; Bulut, Mehmet Deniz; Batur, Abdussamet; Milanlioglu, Aysel; Goya, Cemil; Andic, Cagatay
Aims: To evaluate the feasibility of quantitative analysis of muscle stiffness by Acoustic Radiation Forced Impulse (ARFI) elastography over a course of graduate isometric voluntary contractions. Material and methods: The stiffness of the bilateral biceps muscle of 13 healthy volunteers was measured in real time by ARFI elastography, while the forearm was in neutral-extended position, 90 degree self-flexed positions and 90 degree self-flexed position, with altered weights ranging from 1 to 8 kg placed on flattened palmar surfaces consecutively. The determined increases in biceps muscle stiffness were measured for both arms and correlated with the loadings weights adopted at progressive trial stages. Results: The mean shear wave velocity (SWV) values of biceps muscles in a neutral position, in 90 degree flex position and 90 degree flex position with 1 to 8 kg weights on palmar surfaces were 2.162 +/- 0.302 m/sec, 3.382 +/- 0.581 m/sec, and 3.897 +/- 0.585 to 5.562 +/- 0.587 m/sec, respectively. Significant correlations between the muscle SWV values and related palmar weights and between the SWV values of right and left sides at different trial stages were identified (r=0.951 and r=0.954, respectively). A mutual propagation path of deep regions to entire areas was described to account for the distribution of increase in stiffness with increases in palmar weights. The confidence of method regarding inter-observer difference was confirmed by the correlation analyses of the results (r=0.998). Conclusions: ARFI elastography is a feasible imaging modality for quantifying the stiffness of isometrically voluntarily contracting muscles.

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