İran Taht-ı Süleyman'daki İlhanlı Dönemi Çini Buluntuları
Abstract
Taht-ı Süleyman, İran'ın Batı Azerbaycan Eyaleti'nde, dağlık bir alanda ve Tikab şehrinin yaklaşık 42 km kuzeyinde yer alan, ülkenin en kutsal mekânlarından biridir. İslamiyet öncesi ve İslami dönem boyunca pek çok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapan bu alan, farklı bölümlerden oluşan özgün mimarisi ile dikkat çeker. Külliye içerisinde Anahita Tapınağı, Ateşgede, Taç Giyme Salonu, Kabul Salonu, Av Köşkü, Hamam ve diğer birimler yer almakta olup, dünyanın en iyi korunmuş ve en etkileyici ateş tapınağı komplekslerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yaklaşık 20 metre yüksekliğinde bir tepe üzerinde kurulan külliye kompleksinin içerisinde küçük bir tatlı su kaynağı ve gölü bulunmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra birkaç kilometre kuzeyde Taht-ı Belkıs, benzer uzaklıkta ise Zindanı Süleyman adlı antik yerleşim alanları yer almaktadır. Antik külliyenin ilk inşa tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte, bölgede M.Ö. birinci binyılda yapı faaliyetlerinin başladığı, daha sonra Part dönemine ait bazı kalıntılar üzerine Azergoşenseb Ateşgedesi'nin inşa edildiği, Sasaniler döneminde ise I. Khosrov Anuşirvan ve II. Khosrov zamanında yapılan eklemelerle ana planını kazandığı kabul edilmektedir. Taht-ı Süleyman Külliyesi, İlhanlı döneminde yeniden önem kazanmış; Sultan Abaka Han (1265-1281) zamanında, yaklaşık 1275 yılında onarımlar yapılarak yeni ilaveler eklenmiştir. Kompleksin farklı yapılarında İlhanlı dönemine ait duvar tezyinatı, sekiz köşeli yıldız, altıgen, dikdörtgen ve bunları birbirine bağlayan haç formdaki çinilerle süslenmiştir. Bu çiniler; kompozisyon örnekleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. İnsan figürleri, kuşlar, balıklar, aslan, tavşan, tilki, geyik gibi hayvan figürleri ile mitolojik hayvan, geometrik ve yazı örnekleri, çiniler üzerinde zengin bir ikonografi sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Taht-ı Süleyman'daki İlhanlı dönemi çini buluntuları, belirli bir gruplandırmaya gidilerek hem tarihsel hem de estetik açıdan ele alınmış ve ayrıntılı olarak incelenmiştir. Külliye kompleksi bilinmeyen nedenlerle 17. yüzyılda terk edilmiş, son yüzyılda ise Alman ve İranlı arkeologlar tarafından kısmen kazılmıştır. Günümüzde kazı çalışmaları İranlı arkeologlar tarafından sınırlı ölçüde devam etmektedir. İran Taht-ı Süleyman'daki İlhanlı Dönemi Çini Buluntuları, konusunun seçilmesindeki en önemli etken, Taht-ı Süleyman'daki çinilerin büyük bir bölümünün in situ halde bulunması ve hâlen gün yüzüne çıkarılmamış örneklerin varlığıdır. Bu taşınabilir kültür varlıkları depolarda korunmaktadır. Söz konusu çini buluntuları; malzeme, teknik, form ve kompozisyon açısından detaylı biçimde incelenerek İslam sembolizmi içindeki yeri tespit edilmeye çalışılmış ve bilim dünyasına tanıtılması amaçlanmıştır.
Takht-i Suleiman, located in the mountainous region of West Azerbaijan Province in Iran, approximately 42 km north of the city of Tikab, is one of the most sacred sites of the country. Throughout both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, the site hosted numerous civilizations and is notable for its unique architecture consisting of multiple sections. Within the complex, the Temple of Anahita, a Fire Temple, the Coronation Hall, the Audience Hall, a Hunting Lodge, a Bath, and several other structures are located. It is regarded as one of the best-preserved and most impressive fire temple complexes in the world. The palace complex, built on a hill approximately 20 meters high, also contains a small freshwater spring and lake. In addition, a few kilometers to the north lies Takht-i Belqis, while at a similar distance is the ancient settlement known as Zendan-i Suleiman. Although the exact date of the initial construction of the ancient complex is not precisely known, building activity is believed to have begun in the first millennium B.C. Later, the Azargoshasnasp Fire Temple was built upon remains from the Parthian period. During the Sasanian era, under Khosrow I Anushirvan and Khosrow II, further additions were made, giving the site its main architectural layout. Takht-i Suleiman regained significance during the Ilkhanid period; Sultan Abaqa Khan (1265–1281) commissioned restorations and additions around 1275. The wall decorations in various buildings of the complex, dating from the Ilkhanate period, are adorned with tiles in the forms of eight-pointed stars, hexagons, rectangles, and interconnecting crosses. These tiles are notable for their unique compositions. Human figures, birds, fish, animals such as lions, rabbits, foxes, and deer, as well as mythological animals, geometric patterns, and inscriptions, create a rich iconography on the tiles. This study examines the Ilkhanid period tile findings of Takht-i Suleiman, grouped and analyzed from both historical and aesthetic perspectives. The palace complex was abandoned for unknown reasons in the 17th century and was partially excavated in the last century by German and Iranian archaeologists. Today, limited excavations continue under the direction of Iranian archaeologists. The main reason for choosing the subject of Ilkhanid tiles at Takht-i Suleiman is that a large portion of these tiles remain in situ, with many still unexcavated. These portable cultural assets are preserved in storage. The present research aims to examine these tile findings in detail in terms of material, technique, form, and composition, to determine their place within Islamic symbolism, and to introduce them to the academic community.
Takht-i Suleiman, located in the mountainous region of West Azerbaijan Province in Iran, approximately 42 km north of the city of Tikab, is one of the most sacred sites of the country. Throughout both the pre-Islamic and Islamic periods, the site hosted numerous civilizations and is notable for its unique architecture consisting of multiple sections. Within the complex, the Temple of Anahita, a Fire Temple, the Coronation Hall, the Audience Hall, a Hunting Lodge, a Bath, and several other structures are located. It is regarded as one of the best-preserved and most impressive fire temple complexes in the world. The palace complex, built on a hill approximately 20 meters high, also contains a small freshwater spring and lake. In addition, a few kilometers to the north lies Takht-i Belqis, while at a similar distance is the ancient settlement known as Zendan-i Suleiman. Although the exact date of the initial construction of the ancient complex is not precisely known, building activity is believed to have begun in the first millennium B.C. Later, the Azargoshasnasp Fire Temple was built upon remains from the Parthian period. During the Sasanian era, under Khosrow I Anushirvan and Khosrow II, further additions were made, giving the site its main architectural layout. Takht-i Suleiman regained significance during the Ilkhanid period; Sultan Abaqa Khan (1265–1281) commissioned restorations and additions around 1275. The wall decorations in various buildings of the complex, dating from the Ilkhanate period, are adorned with tiles in the forms of eight-pointed stars, hexagons, rectangles, and interconnecting crosses. These tiles are notable for their unique compositions. Human figures, birds, fish, animals such as lions, rabbits, foxes, and deer, as well as mythological animals, geometric patterns, and inscriptions, create a rich iconography on the tiles. This study examines the Ilkhanid period tile findings of Takht-i Suleiman, grouped and analyzed from both historical and aesthetic perspectives. The palace complex was abandoned for unknown reasons in the 17th century and was partially excavated in the last century by German and Iranian archaeologists. Today, limited excavations continue under the direction of Iranian archaeologists. The main reason for choosing the subject of Ilkhanid tiles at Takht-i Suleiman is that a large portion of these tiles remain in situ, with many still unexcavated. These portable cultural assets are preserved in storage. The present research aims to examine these tile findings in detail in terms of material, technique, form, and composition, to determine their place within Islamic symbolism, and to introduce them to the academic community.
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Sanat Tarihi, Art History
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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