MXene Electrode Functionalized with Surfactants for Efficient Electrochemical Determination of Vandetanib

Abstract

Vandetanib (VND), a multikinase inhibitor used in cancer treatment, was analyzed electrochemically using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Ti3C2Tx-MXene suspended in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The successful synthesis and structural characterization of Ti3C2Tx-MXene were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The electrochemical characterization of the MX@SDS/GCE sensor was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The sensor showed a linear response for VND concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 2.50 mu g mL-1 using the square-wave voltammetry (SWV) technique and demonstrated high sensitivity and stability in biological samples. The use of 2D MXene and SDS provided a large surface area, high conductivity, and strong interaction with VND, enhancing the sensor's selectivity and reproducibility. The optimized sensor achieved a low detection limit of 0.003 mu g mL-1 (6.3 x 10-9 M), with relative standart deviation RSD values of 3.0 %, 3.1 %, and 3.7 % for repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, respectively, highlighting its reliability and potential as a robust electrochemical platform for VND determination. Recovery tests in urine and serum demonstrated excellent accuracy, with 0.0097 +/- 0.0003 mu g mL-1 (97 %, bias-3.0 %) and 0.0098 +/- 0.0003 mu g mL-1 (98 %, bias-2.0 %), respectively.