Farklı Makroalg Türlerinden Elde Edilmiş Biyoaktif Bileşiklerin Antikanser ve Antioksidan Özelliklerinin Araştırılması
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2025
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Yeni antikanser ajanların keşfi kanser tedavisinde önemli bir yer tutar. Deniz yosunları (makroalgler) kimyasal olarak aktif ve sitotoksik özelliklere sahip metabolitlerin doğal kaynakları arasındadır. Bu nedenle kahverengi, yeşil ve kırmızı deniz yosunlarından izole edilen daha güçlü ve seçici antikanser bileşenlerinin tanımlanması ve bunların etki biçimlerine ilişkin çalışmalar son zamanlarda dikkat çekmektedir ve bu çalışmalar farmakolojik uygulamalar için önemli bir ilerleme niteliği taşımaktadır. Bu tez çalışmasının amacı bazı makroalg türlerinden elde edilen ticari olarak mevcut, saflaştırılmış ve karakterize edilmiş bazı ikincil metabolitler olan hordenin, tiramin ve 2-feniletilaminin kanser hücre hatları üzerindeki anti-kanser etkisini, ayrıca antioksidan ve anti-inflamatuar aktivitelerini araştırmaktır. Bu doğal kaynaklı maddelerin in silico ADME/T analizlerinin sonuçları hem gastrointestinal sistemden hem de kan-beyin bariyerinden (KBB) geçebildiklerini ve görece yüksek ilaç skorları ile farmakolojik açıdan aktif gruplara ve özelliklere sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Çalışmanın ilk aşamasında hordinin, tiramin, 2-feniletilamin metabolitlerinin ve pozitif kontrol olarak çalışmaya dahil edilen paklitakselin sitotoksik aktivitesi 10 insan kanser hücre hattı (HCT-116, CaCo-2, HT-29, HepG2, PANC-1, Ishikawa, HeLa, A172, A549 ve TT) ve 2 kontrol hücre hattı (HEK293 ve CCD-18Co) üzerinde test edilmiştir. Hordininin test edilen kanser hücre hatlarının hiçbirinde sitotoksik aktivitesi tespit edilmemiştir. Diğer yandan tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin kolon kanseri hücre hatları (HCT-116, CaCo-2 ve HT-29) ile endometriyal kanser hücre hattı (Ishikawa) üzerinde en yüksek sitotoksik aktiviteyi göstermiştir. Tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin için EC50 değerindeki konsantrasyonları HCT-116 hücre hattında sırasıyla 64.63 μM ve 84.50 μM, CaCo-2 hücre hattında 126.90 μM ve 156.23 μM, HT-29 hücre hattında 204.90 μM ve 208.71 μM ve Ishikawa hücre hattında 169.40 μM ve 212.30 μM olarak hesaplanmıştır. Tiramin uygulaması HCT-116, CaCo-2 ve HT-29 hücre hatlarında koloni oluşumunu sırasıyla %92, %95 ve %62 oranında ve 2-feniletilamin sırasıyla %60, %30 ve %17 oranında inhibe etmiştir. Yara iyileşme testi sonuçları tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin uygulamasının HCT-116 hücre migrasyonunu sırasıyla %20 ve %18 oranında ve CaCo-2 hücre migrasyonunu %49 ve %43 oranında inhibe ettiğini göstermiştir. Hesaplamalı analizler bu etkinin MMP-9 enziminin inhibisyonu ile gerçekleşmiş olabileceğini işaret etmektedir. Tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin bileşiklerinin apoptotik aktivitesinin tayini iki farklı yöntemle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Akış sitometrisi sonuçları bu bileşiklerin EC50 değerindeki konsantrasyonları uygulanan HCT-116, CaCo-2 ve HT-29 hücrelerinde canlı, ölü, erken ve apoptotik hücre popülasyonlarının sayısında negatif kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir fark oluşturduğunu göstermiştir. qRT-PCR analizleri, antikanser potansiyelini ortaya çıkaracak şekilde CASP 3, CASP 8, CASP 9, BAX, P53 gen ifadelerinin uyarıldığını ve BCL-2 gen ifadesinin baskılandığını ortaya çıkarmıştır. Griess testi, LPS ile indüklenen RAW264.7 hücrelerindeki artmış NO düzeylerinin hordinin, tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin uygulamasıyla pozitif kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir düşüş gösterdiğini ve qRT-PCR analizleri iNOS, COX2, IL-6 ve TNF-α gen ifadelerinin anti-inflamatuar etkiyi işaret edecek biçimde anlamlı şekilde baskıladığını, IL-10 gen ifadesini ise artırdığını göstermiştir. Hordinin, tiramin ve 2-feniletilaminin antioksidan aktiviteleri DPPH, ABTS, Galvinoksil, FRAP ve Fosfomolibden olmak üzere beş farklı metotla test edilmiştir. Test edilen bileşiklerin antioksidan aktiviteye sahip olduğu yalnızca ABTS metodu ile tespit edilmiştir. Bu metodla standart antioksidanlar troloks ve askorbik asit için EC50 değerleri sırasıyla 5.23 μM ve 6.52 μM olarak hesaplanırken, hordinin, tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin için sırasıyla 15.78 μM, 9.09 μM ve 137.64 μM olarak hesaplanmıştır. Tiramin ve 2-feniletilaminin EC50 dozları ile muamele edilen HCT-116, CaCo-2 ve HepG2 hücrelerinin toplam GST ile GSTT1 ve GSTM1 izozimleri, GPX ve SOD enzim aktiviteleri ve toplam tiyol düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu alkaloidler ile muamele HCT-116 hücre hattında toplam GST, GPX ve SOD enzim aktivitelerinde artışa ve toplam tiyol düzeylerinde ise düşüşe neden olmuştur. Bu tez çalışmasının sonuçları makroalglerden elde edilmiş metabolitler olan tiramin ve 2-feniletilaminin anlamlı düzeyde sitotoksik, anti-metastatik, apoptotik etki gösterdiğini, bu yolla antikanser potansiyellerinin yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu gerçeği destekleyecek şekilde hordinin, tiramin ve 2-feniletilamin anlamlı düzeyde anti-inflamatuar ve antioksidan özellik göstermiştir.
The discovery of new anticancer agents plays a significant role in cancer treatment. Seaweeds (macroalgae) are among the natural sources of chemically active and cytotoxic metabolites. Therefore, the identification of stronger and more selective anticancer compounds isolated from brown, green, and red seaweeds, as well as studies on their mechanisms of action, have recently attracted attention and represent an important advancement for pharmacological applications. The aim of this thesis study is to investigate the anti-cancer effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of some commercially available, purified and characterized secondary metabolites, hordenine, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, obtained from some macroalgae species, on cancer cell lines. The results of the in silico ADME/T analyses of these natural compounds showed that they can pass through both the gastrointestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have pharmacologically active groups and properties with relatively high drug scores. In the initial phase of the study, the cytotoxic activies of the metabolites hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine, along with the positive control paclitaxel, were tested on 10 human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, CaCo-2, HT-29, HepG2, PANC-1, Ishikawa, HeLa, A172, A549, and TT) and 2 control cell lines (HEK293 and CCD-18Co). No cytotoxic activity of hordenine was detected in any of the tested cancer cell lines. On the other hand, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine showed the highest cytotoxic activity on colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29) and endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa). The EC50 concentrations for tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were calculated as 64.63 μM and 84.50 μM, respectively, in the HCT-116 cell line, 126.90 μM and 156.23 μM in the CaCo-2 cell line, 204.90 μM and 208.71 μM in the HT-29 cell line, and 169.40 μM and 212.30 μM in the Ishikawa cell line. Tyramine treatment inhibited colony formation in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29 cell lines by 92%, 95% and 62%, and 2-phenylethylamine inhibited cell migration by 60%, 30% and 17%, respectively. Wound healing test results showed that tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine treatment inhibited HCT-116 cell migration by 20% and 18%, respectively, and CaCo-2 cell migration by 49% and 43%. Computational analyses suggest that this effect may have occurred through the inhibition of the MMP-9 enzyme. The determination of the apoptotic activities of the compounds tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were carried out using two different methods. Flow cytometry results showed that EC50 concentrations of these compounds caused a significant difference in the number of live, dead, early and apoptotic cell populations in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells compared to the negative control group. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the expressions of the CASP 3, CASP 8, CASP 9, BAX, and P53 genes were induced, while the expression of the BCL-2 gene was suppressed, in a manner that indicates anticancer potential. The Griess test demonstrated that the increased NO levels in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells showed a significant decrease with the application of hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine compared to the positive control group. Additionally, qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the expressions of the iNOS, COX2, IL-6, and TNF-α genes were significantly suppressed, while the expression of the IL-10 gene was increased, in a manner that suggests an anti-inflammatory effect. Antioxidant activities of hordinin, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were tested by five different methods, namely DPPH, ABTS, Galvinoxyl, FRAP and Phosphomolybdenum. The tested compounds were determined to have antioxidant activity only by the ABTS method. Using this method, the EC50 values for the standard antioxidants trolox and ascorbic acid were calculated to be 5.23 μM and 6.52 μM, respectively, while for hordinin, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, they were calculated to be 15.78 μM, 9.09 μM and 137.64 μM, respectively. The total GST, GSTT1 and GSTM1 isoenzymes, GPX and SOD enzyme activities and total thiol levels in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HepG2 cells treated with EC50 doses of tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were evaluated comparatively compared to the control group. Treatment with these alkaloids caused an increase in total GST, GPX and SOD enzyme activities and a decrease in total thiol levels in the HCT-116 cell line. The results of this thesis indicate that the metabolites tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, obtained from macroalgae, exhibit significant cytotoxic, anti-metastatic, and apoptotic effects, demonstrating their high anticancer potential. Supporting this fact, hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine also showed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
The discovery of new anticancer agents plays a significant role in cancer treatment. Seaweeds (macroalgae) are among the natural sources of chemically active and cytotoxic metabolites. Therefore, the identification of stronger and more selective anticancer compounds isolated from brown, green, and red seaweeds, as well as studies on their mechanisms of action, have recently attracted attention and represent an important advancement for pharmacological applications. The aim of this thesis study is to investigate the anti-cancer effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of some commercially available, purified and characterized secondary metabolites, hordenine, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, obtained from some macroalgae species, on cancer cell lines. The results of the in silico ADME/T analyses of these natural compounds showed that they can pass through both the gastrointestinal tract and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and have pharmacologically active groups and properties with relatively high drug scores. In the initial phase of the study, the cytotoxic activies of the metabolites hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine, along with the positive control paclitaxel, were tested on 10 human cancer cell lines (HCT-116, CaCo-2, HT-29, HepG2, PANC-1, Ishikawa, HeLa, A172, A549, and TT) and 2 control cell lines (HEK293 and CCD-18Co). No cytotoxic activity of hordenine was detected in any of the tested cancer cell lines. On the other hand, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine showed the highest cytotoxic activity on colon cancer cell lines (HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29) and endometrial cancer cell line (Ishikawa). The EC50 concentrations for tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were calculated as 64.63 μM and 84.50 μM, respectively, in the HCT-116 cell line, 126.90 μM and 156.23 μM in the CaCo-2 cell line, 204.90 μM and 208.71 μM in the HT-29 cell line, and 169.40 μM and 212.30 μM in the Ishikawa cell line. Tyramine treatment inhibited colony formation in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29 cell lines by 92%, 95% and 62%, and 2-phenylethylamine inhibited cell migration by 60%, 30% and 17%, respectively. Wound healing test results showed that tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine treatment inhibited HCT-116 cell migration by 20% and 18%, respectively, and CaCo-2 cell migration by 49% and 43%. Computational analyses suggest that this effect may have occurred through the inhibition of the MMP-9 enzyme. The determination of the apoptotic activities of the compounds tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were carried out using two different methods. Flow cytometry results showed that EC50 concentrations of these compounds caused a significant difference in the number of live, dead, early and apoptotic cell populations in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells compared to the negative control group. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that the expressions of the CASP 3, CASP 8, CASP 9, BAX, and P53 genes were induced, while the expression of the BCL-2 gene was suppressed, in a manner that indicates anticancer potential. The Griess test demonstrated that the increased NO levels in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells showed a significant decrease with the application of hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine compared to the positive control group. Additionally, qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the expressions of the iNOS, COX2, IL-6, and TNF-α genes were significantly suppressed, while the expression of the IL-10 gene was increased, in a manner that suggests an anti-inflammatory effect. Antioxidant activities of hordinin, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were tested by five different methods, namely DPPH, ABTS, Galvinoxyl, FRAP and Phosphomolybdenum. The tested compounds were determined to have antioxidant activity only by the ABTS method. Using this method, the EC50 values for the standard antioxidants trolox and ascorbic acid were calculated to be 5.23 μM and 6.52 μM, respectively, while for hordinin, tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, they were calculated to be 15.78 μM, 9.09 μM and 137.64 μM, respectively. The total GST, GSTT1 and GSTM1 isoenzymes, GPX and SOD enzyme activities and total thiol levels in HCT-116, CaCo-2 and HepG2 cells treated with EC50 doses of tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine were evaluated comparatively compared to the control group. Treatment with these alkaloids caused an increase in total GST, GPX and SOD enzyme activities and a decrease in total thiol levels in the HCT-116 cell line. The results of this thesis indicate that the metabolites tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine, obtained from macroalgae, exhibit significant cytotoxic, anti-metastatic, and apoptotic effects, demonstrating their high anticancer potential. Supporting this fact, hordenine, tyramine, and 2-phenylethylamine also showed significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Biyokimya, Biochemistry
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