Biological Activities of Green-Synthesized Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Salvia Sclarea and Lotus Corniculatus Extracts

Abstract

This research article focuses on the biological activities of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) successfully synthesized using a completely environmentally friendly approach with plant extracts from Lotus corniculatus (LC) and Salvia sclarea (SS). The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized, and their biological activities were evaluated. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of FeONPs by the appearance of characteristic absorption peaks at 305 nm for LC-FeONPs and 318 nm for SS-FeONPs. The band gap energies calculated for both nanoparticles in the Tauc plot analysis being 3.5 eV indicated that these materials possess semiconductor-like properties. Morphological analysis of nanoparticles magnified at high resolution using a TEM device revealed that they were predominantly spherical in shape and exhibited agglomeration. Measurements performed using an XRD device confirmed that the magnetite structure of the nanoparticles consisted of cubic crystals. The biological activities of FeONPs were investigated as detailed. © 2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH.