Fahreddîn Er-râzî'nin Usûl Düşüncesinde İhtilâflı Deliller
Abstract
İslâm hukuku, diğer hukuklardan farklı olarak, isminden de anlaşılacağı üzere ilâhî kaynaklardan beslenen bir hukuk sistemidir. İslâm hukukunda vaz' edilen hükümler, asıl itibariyle müctehidlerin bizzat ihdas ettikleri hükümler değildir. Aksine müctehidler, Cenâb-ı Hakk'ın Kitâb'ında ve Hz. Peygamber'in (s.a.v.) sünnetinde yer alan naslardan hareketle, hakkında açık bir hüküm bulunmayan meselelerin şer'î hükmünü usûl kaideleri çerçevesinde istinbât etmektedirler. Usûlcüler bunu yaparken bir sistem izlemiş ve gelişigüzel bir şey yapmaktan kaçınmışlardır. Onların benimsedikleri usûlî yaklaşımların oluşumunda, ilmî birikimleri ile yetiştikleri medrese geleneğinin belirleyici etkisi olmuştur. Nitekim bir usûlcünün kabul ettiği bir delil, bazen diğer usûlcüler tarafından reddedilmiştir. Böylece İslâm hukukunda usûlcüler tarafından dayanak olarak kullanılan bazı deliller üzerinde ittifâk edilmişken bazıları üzerinde ihtilâf edilmiştir. Bu deliller daha sonra usûlcüler tarafından müstakil başlıklar halinde eserlerde ele alınmıştır. Söz konusu usûlcülerden biri de Fahreddîn er-Râzî'dir. Bu kapsamda Fahreddîn er-Râzî'nin usûl düşüncesindeki ihtilâflı deliller tezin konusu olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada nitel araştırma tekniklerinden doküman analizi tekniği kullanılarak, Râzî'nin üzerinde durduğu on tane ihtilâflı delil hakkındaki görüşlerinin ele alınması amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde üzerinde ittifâk edilen deliller ve tezin sınırını aşmaması için üzerinde ihtilâf edilen yedi meşhûr delil ele alınacaktır. Tezin asıl konusunu oluşturan ikinci bölümde ise Râzî'nin ihtilâflı delillere yaklaşımı ele alınacak; bu çerçevede kendisine yöneltilen eleştiriler ve bunlara verdiği cevaplar incelenecektir. Râzî, asıl delili, istishâbü'l-hâl delili gibi bazı delilleri kabul ederken; sahâbî kavli, istihsân gibi delilleri reddetmekte, tefvîzî hüküm konusunda tevakkuf edilmesi gerektiğini ifade etmekte ve bu deliller üzerinde detaylıca tartışmaktadır.
Unlike other legal systems, Islamic Law, as its name suggests, is a legal system derived from divine sources. The rulings established in Islamic Law are not, in essence, the product of jurists' own reasoning. On the contrary, jurists (mujtahids) eveal the corresponding rulings for novel issues by drawing upon the rulings established by God Almighty in the Qur'an and by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the Sunnah. In doing so, the jurists (fuqaha) followed a systematic methodology, avoiding arbitrary decisions. The systems they developed were influenced by their scholarly erudition as well as the intellectual traditions of the educational institutions in which they were trained. Consequently, a piece of evidence accepted by one jurist might be rejected by another. Thus, within Islamic Law, while consensus was reached on certain fundamental proofs used by the jurists, others became subjects of disagreement. These proofs were later discussed by legal theorists (usulis) under independent headings in their works. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī is one of these prominent legal theorists. Within this scope, the contentious proofs in al-Rāzī's legal theory have been determined as the subject of this thesis. Utilizing the documentary analysis technique, a qualitative research method, this study aims to examine al- Rāzī's views on ten contentious proofs. This thesis consists of two main parts. The first part will address the unanimously accepted proofs and, so as not to exceed the scope of the thesis, seven well-known disputed proofs. The second part, which forms the core of the thesis, will examine the contentious proofs discussed by al- Rāzī, the objections raised against his positions on these proofs, and the responses he provided. Al-Rāzī accepts certain proofs such as the principle of the original ruling and the presumption of continuity (istishâb al-hâl), while he rejects others like the statements of the Companions and juristic preference (istihsân). Regarding delegated rulings (tafwidi rulings), he maintains that one should suspend judgment. He engages in intricate debates concerning these proofs.
Unlike other legal systems, Islamic Law, as its name suggests, is a legal system derived from divine sources. The rulings established in Islamic Law are not, in essence, the product of jurists' own reasoning. On the contrary, jurists (mujtahids) eveal the corresponding rulings for novel issues by drawing upon the rulings established by God Almighty in the Qur'an and by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the Sunnah. In doing so, the jurists (fuqaha) followed a systematic methodology, avoiding arbitrary decisions. The systems they developed were influenced by their scholarly erudition as well as the intellectual traditions of the educational institutions in which they were trained. Consequently, a piece of evidence accepted by one jurist might be rejected by another. Thus, within Islamic Law, while consensus was reached on certain fundamental proofs used by the jurists, others became subjects of disagreement. These proofs were later discussed by legal theorists (usulis) under independent headings in their works. Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī is one of these prominent legal theorists. Within this scope, the contentious proofs in al-Rāzī's legal theory have been determined as the subject of this thesis. Utilizing the documentary analysis technique, a qualitative research method, this study aims to examine al- Rāzī's views on ten contentious proofs. This thesis consists of two main parts. The first part will address the unanimously accepted proofs and, so as not to exceed the scope of the thesis, seven well-known disputed proofs. The second part, which forms the core of the thesis, will examine the contentious proofs discussed by al- Rāzī, the objections raised against his positions on these proofs, and the responses he provided. Al-Rāzī accepts certain proofs such as the principle of the original ruling and the presumption of continuity (istishâb al-hâl), while he rejects others like the statements of the Companions and juristic preference (istihsân). Regarding delegated rulings (tafwidi rulings), he maintains that one should suspend judgment. He engages in intricate debates concerning these proofs.
Description
Keywords
Din, Religion
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
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Volume
Issue
Start Page
End Page
162

