Comparison of the Consepts of Expropriation and Consolidation in Terms of Property Right
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2023
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Mülkiyet hakkı, tarihin her döneminde topluma yön veren, toplumu şekillendiren ve hatta devletlerin yönetim biçimi ile hukuk düzenlerine dahi etki edebilen çok önemli bir insan hakkıdır. Mülkiyet hakkının ortaya çıkışı oldukça eski dönemlere denk gelmesine rağmen bu hakkın korunması ve geliştirilmesine ilişkin çalışmalar modern devlet anlayışının yerleşmesi ile hız kazanmıştır. Bununla gerek ulusal gerekse de uluslararası mecrada gelişmeler yaşanmış olup; sözleşmeler, kanunlar, kararlar ve birtakım standartlar ortaya konularak çalışmalar yapılmış ve böylece mülkiyetin korunması amaçlanmıştır. Zira malikine sağlamış olduğu yetkilerden ötürü mülkiyet hakkına, geçmişten bugüne çeşitli sebeplerle müdahale edilmiş ve halen edilmektedir. Bu müdahale ve sınırlamalar kimi zaman kişiler arasında kimi zaman ise bizzat devlet tarafından kamu gücü kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Devletler, özel mülkiyeti otoritelerine karşı bir güç olarak görmüş, bunun sonucu olarak mülkiyetin dokunulmazlığına ilişkin müdahalelere zemin hazırlamıştır. Bunun sonucunda kişilerin mülkiyet hakları kısıtlanmış, haksız fiillere karşı mevzuat ve çalışmalarının geliştirilmesi ihtiyacı doğmuştur. Yukarıda kısaca bahsedilen kısıtlanma durumları hukukumuzda çeşitli şekillerde kendisini göstermektedir. Tez ile 'hukuki açıdan' henüz değinilmeyen toplulaştırma ve kamulaştırma kavramlarının karşılaştırılması ile bu iki kavramın birbirine benzeyen ve birbirinden ayrılan yönlerinin vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır. Zira söz konusu bu iki kavram çoğu zaman birbirine karıştırılmaktadır. Bu karışıklıklar bazen bilgi eksikliğinden kaynaklamakta ve istemeden de olsa bazen de kötü niyetli projelerde kendisini göstermektedir. Söz konusu projelerin uygulanması kişilerin hak kayıplarına uğramalarına sebep olmakta bu da kişilerin devlete ve kamuya güven duygularının sarsılmasıyla sonuçlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte yürütülen projeler ile hak kayıplarına uğrayan kişiler dava yoluna başvurmaktadır. Bu durum da mahkemelerin iş yükünü artırmakta ve devlete külfet olarak geri dönmektedir. Bu hususlar tezde değerlendirilecek olup öncelikle Türk hukukunda mülkiyet kavramına değinilecek, ardından mülkiyet çeşitleri ayrıntılı şekilde işlenecektir. Akabinde de kamulaştırma ve toplulaştırma kavramlarının ayrıntılı analizi yapılacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mülkiyet Hakkı, Mülkiyet Hakkının Sınırlandırılması, Kamu Yararı, Toplulaştırma, Kamulaştırma.
Right to own property is one of the most important rights that steers the society in every period of history, shapes society and can even affect the regime and legal systems of states. Although the emergence of right to property fall with the very early times, the studies on the protection and development of this right gained momentum with the establishment of the modern state understanding. With this, there have been developments in both national and international area; studies have been carried out by putting forward some standards, contracts, laws, decisions and thus it is aimed to protect the property. Because due to the powers it has given to its owner, the right to property has been and is still being interfered with from past to present for various reasons. These interventions and restrictions sometimes took place between individuals, and sometimes by the state itself by using public force. States have seen private property as a power against their authorities, and consequently, they set ground for interventions regarding the inviolability of property. As a result the property rights of individuals have been restricted, and the need to develop legislation and studies against tortious acts has arisen. The restriction situations briefly mentioned above show themselves in various ways in our law. With this thesis, it is aimed to emphasize the similarities and differences of the two concepts by comparing the concepts of consolidation and expropriation, which have not yet been mentioned in terms of 'legal'. These two concepts are often confused with each other. These confusions sometimes arise from lack of knowledge and sometimes unintentionally manifest themselves in malicious projects. The implementation of these projects causes people to lose their rights, which results in the loss of trust in the state and the public. With this, people who have lost their rights with the projects seeks litigation. This situation increases the workload of the courts and returns to the state as a burden. These issues will be evaluated in the thesis and first of all the concept of ownership in Turkish law will be mentioned, and then the types of ownership will be discussed elaborately. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the concepts of expropriation and consolidation will be put forward. Keywords: Right to property, Limitation of The Right To Property, Common Weal, Expropriation, consolidation.
Right to own property is one of the most important rights that steers the society in every period of history, shapes society and can even affect the regime and legal systems of states. Although the emergence of right to property fall with the very early times, the studies on the protection and development of this right gained momentum with the establishment of the modern state understanding. With this, there have been developments in both national and international area; studies have been carried out by putting forward some standards, contracts, laws, decisions and thus it is aimed to protect the property. Because due to the powers it has given to its owner, the right to property has been and is still being interfered with from past to present for various reasons. These interventions and restrictions sometimes took place between individuals, and sometimes by the state itself by using public force. States have seen private property as a power against their authorities, and consequently, they set ground for interventions regarding the inviolability of property. As a result the property rights of individuals have been restricted, and the need to develop legislation and studies against tortious acts has arisen. The restriction situations briefly mentioned above show themselves in various ways in our law. With this thesis, it is aimed to emphasize the similarities and differences of the two concepts by comparing the concepts of consolidation and expropriation, which have not yet been mentioned in terms of 'legal'. These two concepts are often confused with each other. These confusions sometimes arise from lack of knowledge and sometimes unintentionally manifest themselves in malicious projects. The implementation of these projects causes people to lose their rights, which results in the loss of trust in the state and the public. With this, people who have lost their rights with the projects seeks litigation. This situation increases the workload of the courts and returns to the state as a burden. These issues will be evaluated in the thesis and first of all the concept of ownership in Turkish law will be mentioned, and then the types of ownership will be discussed elaborately. Subsequently, a detailed analysis of the concepts of expropriation and consolidation will be put forward. Keywords: Right to property, Limitation of The Right To Property, Common Weal, Expropriation, consolidation.
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Hukuk, Kamu Yönetimi, Arazi toplulaştırması, Dolaylı kamulaştırma, Law, Public Administration, Land consolidation, Indirect expropriation
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90