An Approach to Assessment of Geoheritage Elements Determined in the Upper Aras Basin (NE Türkiye) as Resources: a Decision-Making Model Based on Interval Rough Numbers (IRNs)

Abstract

Geoheritage elements are significant geological resources that provide scientific, educational, and touristic usage and contribute to socio-economic development. To protect these resources sustainably, effective policies are necessary. This study focuses on the Upper Aras Basin in northeast Türkiye, employing a multi-criteria model to assess geoheritage potential. We used the combined models SWARA (Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) and CoCoSo (Combined Compromise Solution), which are based on Interval Rough Numbers (IRN), for this study's methods. This approach addresses uncertainties that may arise in the assessment of geoheritage elements using IRN, facilitating group decision-making for their management. In the study, geosites in the basin were classified according to six different categories of geoheritage types. In addition, their importance was determined at the global, national, regional, and local levels. According to the analysis results, G14 (Tuzluca Rainbow Hills, Sinkholes and Ichnofossils), G8 (Ani Ruins and Rock Houses), G15 (Kağızman Basalt Columns), G21 (Yazılıkaya Rock Paintings) and G2 (Akçakale Island and Historical Settlement) ranked first as the five most important geosites. In the study, inferences regarding establishing legal basis and grounds, inventory evaluation, the creation of geoparks, and sustainable use of resources were formulated to create an effective geoconservation policy in Türkiye and the field. Additionally, it discusses the scientific, educational, and touristic potential of geoheritage resources under a sustainable use policy. By integrating multiple expert opinions, the methodology effectively evaluates and ranks geosites, demonstrating its usefulness in assessing the significance of these resources. Overall, the findings aim to promote effective management and conservation of geoheritage. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd