The Relationship Between Theory of Mind Functions and Attachment Styles in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Abstract
Amaç: Obsesif kompulsif bozukluk (OKB) hastalarında çeşitli düzeylerde nöropsikolojik bozulmalar olduğu bilinmektedir. Son yıllarda OKB'de Zihin Kuramı (ZK) işlevleri ve bağlanma stilleri ile ilgili araştırmalar giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada OKB hastaları ile sağlıklı kontroller arasında ZK becerileri ve bağlanma stilleri açısından bir farklılık olup olmadığı, OKB tanılı hastalarda obsesif kompulsif belirtiler, ZK becerileri ve bağlanma stilleri arasında bir ilişki bulunup bulunmadığı konularının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamıza DSM-5 tanı kriterlerine göre OKB tanısı almış 42 hasta ve hastalar ile yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyi açısından eşleştirilmiş 42 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların tümüne Sosyodemografik ve Klinik Veri Formu, Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAÖ), Beck Depresyon Ölçeği (BDÖ), Padua Envanteri-41-R (PE), Erişkin Bağlanma Biçimi Ölçeği (EBBÖ), İmayı Anlama Testi (İAT) ve Gözlerden Zihin Okuma Testi (GZOT) uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: OKB grubunda İAT(p:0,001) ve GZOT(p:0,006) performansları kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı düzeyde zayıf bulunmuş, her iki test skorunun da hasta grubunda BAÖ'den alınan puanlar ile negatif yönlü ve anlamlı düzeyde ilişki içerisinde olduğu saptanmıştır (sırasıyla p:0,001 ve p:0,003). Çalışmamızda OKB grubunda kaygılı/ambivalan (p:<0,001) ve kaçıngan bağlanma(p:<0,001) boyutları anlamlı düzeyde yüksek, bu farkın depresif belirtilerin şiddeti kontrol edildiğinde anlamlığını sürdürdüğü saptanmıştır. OKB hastalarında bağlanma boyutları ve ZK becerileri arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde; kaçıngan (p:0,006) ve kaygılı/ambivalan bağlanma (p:0,024) boyutları ile İAT skorları arasında negatif yönlü ve anlamlı düzeyde bir ilişki bulunurken, GZOT performansları ile bağlanma boyutları arasında anlamlı düzeyde bir ilişki saptanmamıştır (sırasıyla p:0,055 ve p:0,057). Depresif belirtilerin etkisi kontrol edildiğinde OKB hastalarında sadece kaçıngan bağlanma boyutu ile İAT skorları arasındaki ilişki anlamlı kalmayı sürdürmüştür (p:0,007). OKB hasta grubunda PE toplam puan ve alt ölçek puanları ile İAT ve GZOT performansları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmazken (p>0,05), kaygılı/ambivalan bağlanma boyutu ile PE toplam puan (p:0,002) ve temizlik (p:0,013), düşüncelere kapılma (p:0,003), dürtüler (p:0,042), kesinlik (p:0,030) belirti alt boyutları arasında anlamlı düzeyde pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğu görülmüştür. OKB hasta grubunda; kaçıngan bağlanma boyutu ile obsesif kompulsif belirtilerin kontrol alt boyutu arasında negatif yönlü ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuş (p:0,05), kaçıngan bağlanma boyutu ile PE toplam puanı ve diğer belirti alt boyutlarından alınan puanlar arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmamıştır. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada OKB'de hem affektif hem de kognitif ZK becerilerinin sağlıklı kontrollere göre daha zayıf ve hem kaygılı/ambivalan hem de kaçıngan bağlanma boyutlarının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmamızda OKB hasta grubunda güvensiz bağlanma boyutları ile kognitif ZK becerileri arasında negatif yönlü anlamlı düzeyde bir ilişki gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca obsesif kompulsif belirtiler ile kaygılı/ambivalan bağlanma arasında anlamlı ilişki tespit edilmiş, ZK ile belirtiler arasında ise anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. OKB'de bağlanma ve zihin kuramı işlevlerindeki bozulmalar ile aralarındaki ilişkiye dair yeni kanıtların bulunması, nörogelişimsel süreçlerin bu bozukluktaki etkilerinin anlaşılmasına, ayrıca nispeten yüksek oranlarda tedaviye düşük yanıt olan bu bozuklukta bağlanma ve ZK becerilerini göz önünde bulunduran yeni tedavi yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk, Zihin Kuramı, Zihinselleştirme, Bağlanma
Aim: Various levels of neuropsychological impairments are known in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In recent years, research on Theory of Mind (ToM) functions and attachment styles has increased in OCD. In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether there is a difference between OCD patiants and healthy controls in terms of ToM skills and attachment styles, and whether there is a relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms, ToM skills and attachment styles in patients with OCD. Materials and Methods: 42 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 42 healthy controls matched for age, gender and education level were included in our study. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Padua Inventory-41-R (PI), Adult Attachment Style Scale (AASS), Hinting Task (HT) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) was applied to all participants. Results: In the OCD group, HT (p: 0.001) and RMET (p: 0.006) performances were found to be significantly weak compared to the control group, and both test scores were found to be negatively and significantly correlated with the scores from the BAI in the patient group (p: 0.001 and p: 0.003, respectively). In our study, it was found that anxious/ambivalent (p: <0.001) and avoidant attachment (p: <0.001) dimensions were significantly higher in the OCD group, and this difference remained significant when the severity of depressive symptoms was controlled. When the relationship between attachment dimensions and CC skills in OCD patients is examined; While there was a negative and significant relationship between avoidant (p: 0.006) and anxious/ambivalent attachment (p: 0.024) dimensions, and HT scores, there was no significant relationship between RMET performances and attachment dimensions (p: 0.055 and p: 0.057, respectively). When the effect of depressive symptoms was controlled, only the relationship between avoidant attachment size and HT scores remained significant in patients with OCD (p: 0.007). While there was no significant relationship between PI total score with subscale scores and HT with RMET performance, a significant positive correlation between anxious/ambivalent attachment dimension and PI total score with contamination/washing, rumimation, impulses, precision symptom sub-dimensions was observed in the OCD grup. In the OCD group; a negative and significant relationship was found between the avoidant attachment dimension and the checking sub-dimension of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p:0,05), no significant correlation was found between the avoidant attachment dimension and the scores obtained from the PI total score and other symptom subscales. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that both affective and cognitive ToM skills in OCD were weaker than healthy controls, and both anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment dimensions in OCD were higher. In our study, a significant negative relationship was observed between the insecure attachment dimensions and cognitive ToM skills in OCD patients. In addition, there was a significant relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and anxious/ambivalent attachment, and no significant relationship was found between ToM and symptoms. The discovery of impairments in OCD and recent evidence for their relationship may contribute to understanding the effects of neurodevelopmental processes in this disorder, as well as in this disorder that is relatively highly low response to treatment, the development of new treatment methods that take into account the attachement and ToM skills. Key Words: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Theory of Mind, Mentalization, Attachment
Aim: Various levels of neuropsychological impairments are known in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). In recent years, research on Theory of Mind (ToM) functions and attachment styles has increased in OCD. In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether there is a difference between OCD patiants and healthy controls in terms of ToM skills and attachment styles, and whether there is a relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms, ToM skills and attachment styles in patients with OCD. Materials and Methods: 42 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and 42 healthy controls matched for age, gender and education level were included in our study. Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Padua Inventory-41-R (PI), Adult Attachment Style Scale (AASS), Hinting Task (HT) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) was applied to all participants. Results: In the OCD group, HT (p: 0.001) and RMET (p: 0.006) performances were found to be significantly weak compared to the control group, and both test scores were found to be negatively and significantly correlated with the scores from the BAI in the patient group (p: 0.001 and p: 0.003, respectively). In our study, it was found that anxious/ambivalent (p: <0.001) and avoidant attachment (p: <0.001) dimensions were significantly higher in the OCD group, and this difference remained significant when the severity of depressive symptoms was controlled. When the relationship between attachment dimensions and CC skills in OCD patients is examined; While there was a negative and significant relationship between avoidant (p: 0.006) and anxious/ambivalent attachment (p: 0.024) dimensions, and HT scores, there was no significant relationship between RMET performances and attachment dimensions (p: 0.055 and p: 0.057, respectively). When the effect of depressive symptoms was controlled, only the relationship between avoidant attachment size and HT scores remained significant in patients with OCD (p: 0.007). While there was no significant relationship between PI total score with subscale scores and HT with RMET performance, a significant positive correlation between anxious/ambivalent attachment dimension and PI total score with contamination/washing, rumimation, impulses, precision symptom sub-dimensions was observed in the OCD grup. In the OCD group; a negative and significant relationship was found between the avoidant attachment dimension and the checking sub-dimension of obsessive-compulsive symptoms (p:0,05), no significant correlation was found between the avoidant attachment dimension and the scores obtained from the PI total score and other symptom subscales. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that both affective and cognitive ToM skills in OCD were weaker than healthy controls, and both anxious/ambivalent and avoidant attachment dimensions in OCD were higher. In our study, a significant negative relationship was observed between the insecure attachment dimensions and cognitive ToM skills in OCD patients. In addition, there was a significant relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and anxious/ambivalent attachment, and no significant relationship was found between ToM and symptoms. The discovery of impairments in OCD and recent evidence for their relationship may contribute to understanding the effects of neurodevelopmental processes in this disorder, as well as in this disorder that is relatively highly low response to treatment, the development of new treatment methods that take into account the attachement and ToM skills. Key Words: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Theory of Mind, Mentalization, Attachment
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Keywords
Psikiyatri, Bağlanma, Bağlanma stilleri, Obsessif kompülsif bozukluk, Zihin kuramı, Zihinselleştirme, Psychiatry, Attachment, Attachment styles, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Theory of mind, Mentalization
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