A Study on the Molecular Taxonony and Phylogeny of the Armenian Gull (larus Armenicus Buturlin, 1934) Distributing in the Lake Van Basin
Abstract
Larus, Kuzey Yarım kürede en büyük tür çeşitliliğine sahip martı cinsidir. Larus cinsinin türleşmesinde iki büyük hipotez vardır. Buna göre; L. cachinnans, kafkasyadan çıkarak; Akdeniz, Kuzey Kutbu ve Orta Asya noktalarına doğru 3 farklı yönde evrilmiştir. Akdeniz'de L. michahellis ve L. atlantis olarak Atlas Okyanusuna kadar uzanmış, kuzeyde L. fuscus, L. heuglini ve L. argentatus olarak İskandinavya ve Amerika kıtalarına yayılmış ve Asya'da L. mongolicus türünü ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bakışta Larus armenicus'un filogenisi açık değildir. Muhtemelen doğrudan L. cachinnans'dan evrildiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye Van Gölü Havzasındaki Larus armenicus popülasyonu ayrıntılı bir şekilde üç mitokondriyal DNA (COI, CytB ve HVR-I) karakterleriyle filogenetik analizler kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Van Gölü Martısı'nın cins ve familya içerisindeki filogeni tahminleri Neighbour Joining, Bayesian çıkarımı ve Maksimum Olabilirlik evrimsel algoritmalarıyla yapıldı. Cinsin ve familyanın içerisindeki mevcut taksonların soy hattı analizi sitokromoksidaz-I ve sitokromoksidaz b genlerine dayalı ABGD programı ile gerçekleştirildi. Analiz sonuçlarına göre Larus armenicus atasal soy hattına sahip bir tür olarak belirlenmiş olup, L. michahellis, L. michahellis atlantis ve L. marinus ile genetik olarak yakın akraba olduğu görülmüştür.
Larus is the genus of gulls with the greatest species diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. There are two major hypotheses for the speciation of the genus Larus. According to this; L. cachinnans originated in the Caucasus; it has evolved in three different directions towards the Mediterranean, North Pole and Central Asian points. It extended to the Atlantic Ocean as L. michahellis and L. atlantis in the Mediterranean, spread to Scandinavia and America as L. fuscus, L. heuglini and L. argentatus in the north, and revealed the L. mongolicus species in Asia. At this glance, the phylogeny of Larus armenicus is not clear and appears to possibly have evolved directly from L. cachinnans. In this study, the Larus armenicus population in the Lake Van Basin of Türkiye was evaluated in detail using phylogenetic analyzes with three mitochondrial DNA (COI, CytB and HVR-I) characters. The phylogeny estimates of the Armenian Gull within the genus and family were made using Neighbor Joining, Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood evolutionary algorithms. Lineage analysis of existing taxa in the genus and family was performed with the cytochromeoxidase I and cytochromeoxidase b genes-based ABGD program. According to the results of the analysis, Larus armenicus was determined as a species with ancestral lineage and it was observed that they were genetically closely related to L. michahellis, L. michahellis atlantis and L. marinus.
Larus is the genus of gulls with the greatest species diversity in the Northern Hemisphere. There are two major hypotheses for the speciation of the genus Larus. According to this; L. cachinnans originated in the Caucasus; it has evolved in three different directions towards the Mediterranean, North Pole and Central Asian points. It extended to the Atlantic Ocean as L. michahellis and L. atlantis in the Mediterranean, spread to Scandinavia and America as L. fuscus, L. heuglini and L. argentatus in the north, and revealed the L. mongolicus species in Asia. At this glance, the phylogeny of Larus armenicus is not clear and appears to possibly have evolved directly from L. cachinnans. In this study, the Larus armenicus population in the Lake Van Basin of Türkiye was evaluated in detail using phylogenetic analyzes with three mitochondrial DNA (COI, CytB and HVR-I) characters. The phylogeny estimates of the Armenian Gull within the genus and family were made using Neighbor Joining, Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood evolutionary algorithms. Lineage analysis of existing taxa in the genus and family was performed with the cytochromeoxidase I and cytochromeoxidase b genes-based ABGD program. According to the results of the analysis, Larus armenicus was determined as a species with ancestral lineage and it was observed that they were genetically closely related to L. michahellis, L. michahellis atlantis and L. marinus.
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Keywords
Biyoloji, Zooloji, Filogeni, Genetik uzaklık, Mitokondriyal DNA, Van Gölü, Biology, Zoology, Phylogeny, Genetic distance, Mitochondrial DNA, Van Lake
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