Fonksiyonel Lor Üretiminde Mikroenkapsüle Probiyotik İlavesinin Muhafaza Süresince Canlılık Düzeyleri ve Ürünün Bazı Kalite Parametreleri Üzerine Etkisi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, peynir altı suyunun ısısal denetürasyonu ile serum proteinlerinden elde edilen Lor peynirini probiyotik ilavesi ile fonksiyonel hale getirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla Lb. acidophilus ATCC 4356 ve B. bifidum iki ayrı probiyotik suş koaservasyon metoduyla enkapsüle edilmiştir. Kaplama materyaline probiyotiklerin gelişimini teşvik etmek ve dış faktörlere karşı korunmalarını sağlamak amacıyla fruktooligosakkarit (FOS) ve inülin gibi iki ayrı prebiyotik madde eklenmiştir. Lor'a süzme öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere iki ayrı aşamada eklenen serbest ve mikroenkapsüle probiyotiklerin canlılık düzeyleri ve gastrointestinal koşullara karşı stabilitesi araştırılmıştır. Depolamanın 1, 7, 15, 21 ve 30. günlerinde peynirlerin genel bileşim, biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik analizleri 1, 15 ve 30. günlerinde ise uçucu bileşen analizleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca elde edilen kapsüllerin boyut ve morfolojik özellikleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, her iki probiyotik ve kaplama formu için de probiyotiklerin kapsül içinde tutulduğu ve mikrokapsüllerin başarılı bir şekilde elde edildiği SEM görüntüleri ile desteklenmiştir. Enkapsüle edilmiş bakteriler, mide (pH 1.5) ve safra (%2) ortamına karşı serbest bakterilere göre önemli ölçüde (p<0.05) daha yüksek canlılık göstermiştir. Genel olarak serbest bakterilerde 4 logaritmik birim azalış meydana gelmişken, enkapsüle olanlar için bu azalış yaklaşık 2 logaritmik birim ile sınırlı kalmıştır. Probiyotik canlılığı, enkapsüle probiyotik eklenmiş örneklerde daha fazla olmakla birlikte muhafaza süresince genel olarak tüm peynir örneklerinde korunmuş hatta artış göstermiş olup depolama sonunda canlı hücre sayısı >8 logaritmik birim olarak belirlenmiştir. Maya küf değerleri ise dikkat çekici bir şekilde depolama boyunca önemli ölçüde azalış göstermiştir (p<0.05). Lor peyniri örneklerinin kuru madde, protein, yağ gibi değerleri genel olarak depolama süresince pek değişmemiş ancak kapsül ilave formu ve zamanı gibi faktörlerin bu parametreler üzerindeki etkisi önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Genel olarak ilerleyen depolama süresince pH değerlerinde düşme, buna paralel olarak titrasyon asitliği değerlerinde artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Lipoliz ve lipoliz ile uyumlu olarak serbest yağ asitleri konsantrasyonlarının da tüm peynir örneklerinde depolama süresince artış gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Proteoliz değerleri, ilerleyen depolama süresine bağlı olarak artış göstermiş olup enkapsüle ve serbest probiyotik eklenmiş peynirler arasında bir farklılık meydana gelmemiştir. Elektroforetik analizlerde depolama boyunca ileri düzey parçalanma ürünleri oluşmamış olup Lor peyniri üretimi gereği β-laktoglobulin ve α-laktoalbumine ait serum protein bantları baskın bulunmuştur. Lor örneklerinde uçucu bileşen olarak ester, alkol, aldehit, alkan, keton, terpen ve uçucu asit bileşikleri tanımlanmış olup konsantrasyonları genel olarak depolama süresine bağlı artış göstermiştir. Çalışmada elde edilen tüm sonuçlara göre, fonksiyonel özellikleri arttırılmış bir Lor peynir üretmenin probiyotik bakterilerin canlılıklarını koruması için uygun bir taşıyıcı olabileceği, mikroenkapsüle probiyotik eklenmiş olanlarda ise probiyotik canlılığının daha fazla korunabileceği gözlemlenmiştir. Kapsülleme işlemi, probiyotik suşların gastrointestinal stabilitesini arttırmış, böylece probiyotik bir ürün için beklenen sağlık yararlarından da faydalanılabilineceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Duyusal analizler de böyle bir ürünün alışılmış Lor peynirinden farklı algılanmadığı ve ticarileştirilmesi için bir engel olmayacağını ortaya koymaktadır.
This study aimed to enhance the functional properties of whey cheese (Lor), obtained from serum proteins through thermal denaturation of whey, by supplementing it with probiotics. For this purpose, two probiotic strains, Lb acidophilus ATCC 4356 and B. bifidum, were microencapsulated using the coacervation method. To promote the growth of the probiotics and protect them from external factors, two different prebiotic substances, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin, were added to the encapsulation matrix. The viability and gastrointestinal stability of free and microencapsulated probiotics, added to the whey cheese at two different stages, before and after whey drainage, were investigated. On days 1, 7, 15, 21, and 30 of storage, general composition, biochemical, and microbiological analyses of the cheeses were conducted, while volatile compound analyses were performed on days 1, 15, and 30. In addition, the size and morphological characteristics of the obtained capsules were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated, through SEM imaging, that probiotics were successfully encapsulated and retained within the capsules for both probiotic strains and coating formulations. Encapsulated bacteria exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher viability under simulated gastric (pH 1.5) and bile (2%) conditions compared to free bacteria. While a reduction of approximately 4 logarithmic units was observed in free bacteria, the decrease in encapsulated probiotics was limited to around 2 logarithmic units. Although probiotic viability was higher in samples supplemented with microencapsulated probiotics, it was generally preserved, or even increased, in all cheese samples throughout the storage period, with viable cell counts exceeding 8 logarithmic units at the end of storage. It is noteworthy that yeast and mold counts showed a significant decrease throughout the storage period (p < 0.05). The values for dry matter, protein, and fat content in the whey cheese samples remained largely unchanged during the storage period. However, factors such as the form and timing of capsule addition had a significant effect statistically on these parameters (p < 0.05). Overall, a decrease in pH values and a corresponding increase in titratable acidity were observed as storage progressed. In line with lipolysis, the concentration of free fatty acids increased in all cheese samples over the storage period. Proteolysis values also increased with extended storage time; however, no significant difference was observed between cheeses supplemented with free or encapsulated probiotics. Electrophoretic analysis revealed no formation of advanced degradation products throughout storage, and as expected from the production process of whey cheese, serum protein bands corresponding to β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin remained predominant. Volatile compound analysis identified the presence of esters, alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, ketones, terpenes, and volatile acids in the samples, with their concentrations generally increasing over time. Based on all the findings of the study, it can be concluded that producing whey cheese with enhanced functional properties may serve as a suitable carrier for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria. Moreover, probiotic viability was better preserved in samples supplemented with microencapsulated probiotics. The encapsulation process improved the gastrointestinal stability of the probiotic strains, indicating that the expected health benefits of a probiotic product can be achieved. Sensory evaluations also revealed that such a product was not perceived differently from traditional whey cheese, suggesting that there would be no obstacle to its commercialization.
This study aimed to enhance the functional properties of whey cheese (Lor), obtained from serum proteins through thermal denaturation of whey, by supplementing it with probiotics. For this purpose, two probiotic strains, Lb acidophilus ATCC 4356 and B. bifidum, were microencapsulated using the coacervation method. To promote the growth of the probiotics and protect them from external factors, two different prebiotic substances, fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and inulin, were added to the encapsulation matrix. The viability and gastrointestinal stability of free and microencapsulated probiotics, added to the whey cheese at two different stages, before and after whey drainage, were investigated. On days 1, 7, 15, 21, and 30 of storage, general composition, biochemical, and microbiological analyses of the cheeses were conducted, while volatile compound analyses were performed on days 1, 15, and 30. In addition, the size and morphological characteristics of the obtained capsules were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated, through SEM imaging, that probiotics were successfully encapsulated and retained within the capsules for both probiotic strains and coating formulations. Encapsulated bacteria exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher viability under simulated gastric (pH 1.5) and bile (2%) conditions compared to free bacteria. While a reduction of approximately 4 logarithmic units was observed in free bacteria, the decrease in encapsulated probiotics was limited to around 2 logarithmic units. Although probiotic viability was higher in samples supplemented with microencapsulated probiotics, it was generally preserved, or even increased, in all cheese samples throughout the storage period, with viable cell counts exceeding 8 logarithmic units at the end of storage. It is noteworthy that yeast and mold counts showed a significant decrease throughout the storage period (p < 0.05). The values for dry matter, protein, and fat content in the whey cheese samples remained largely unchanged during the storage period. However, factors such as the form and timing of capsule addition had a significant effect statistically on these parameters (p < 0.05). Overall, a decrease in pH values and a corresponding increase in titratable acidity were observed as storage progressed. In line with lipolysis, the concentration of free fatty acids increased in all cheese samples over the storage period. Proteolysis values also increased with extended storage time; however, no significant difference was observed between cheeses supplemented with free or encapsulated probiotics. Electrophoretic analysis revealed no formation of advanced degradation products throughout storage, and as expected from the production process of whey cheese, serum protein bands corresponding to β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin remained predominant. Volatile compound analysis identified the presence of esters, alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, ketones, terpenes, and volatile acids in the samples, with their concentrations generally increasing over time. Based on all the findings of the study, it can be concluded that producing whey cheese with enhanced functional properties may serve as a suitable carrier for maintaining the viability of probiotic bacteria. Moreover, probiotic viability was better preserved in samples supplemented with microencapsulated probiotics. The encapsulation process improved the gastrointestinal stability of the probiotic strains, indicating that the expected health benefits of a probiotic product can be achieved. Sensory evaluations also revealed that such a product was not perceived differently from traditional whey cheese, suggesting that there would be no obstacle to its commercialization.
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Keywords
Gıda Mühendisliği, Food Engineering
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
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221

