The Theme of Exile in Anna Seghers's Novel Transit
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2014
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Bu çalışmada genelde sürgün olgusu ve sürgün edebiyatı, özelde ise Alman Sürgün Edebiyatı bağlamında Anna Seghers'in 'Transit' adlı romanı ele alınmıştır. Sürgün edebiyatı tarihine bakacak olursak tarihte en kitlesel entelektüel sürgününü etnik veya politik sebeplerle Nazi Almanya'sından kaçmak zorunda kalan yazarların, şairlerin ve düşünürlerin oluşturduğunu görürüz. Nazilerin 1933 yılında iktidarı ele geçirmeleriyle birlikte her alanda baskı dönemi başlamıştır. Kendi ideolojisinin dışında başka bir düşünceye tahammülü olmayan Nazi iktidarı, kitap yakma eylemleriyle beraber edebiyata da el atmıştır. Yönetimi, orduyu, basını buyruğu altına aldığı gibi edebiyatı da emelleri doğrultusunda kullanmak istemiştir. Bu uğurda istenmeyen, değersiz ve kirli olarak adlandırılan sayısız eser kitap yakma eylemlerinde ateşlere atılmıştır. Eserleri yasaklanan, yakılan yazar ve şairlerin can güvenliklerinin tehlikede olması, onlara yurt dışına kaçmaktan başka çare bırakmamıştır. Yazar ve şairlerin sürgün gittikleri yerlerde pes etmeyip edebi eserler üretmeye devam etmeleri ise Alman Sürgün Edebiyatını oluşturmuştur. Alman Sürgün Edebiyatının en önemli kadın yazarı olarak bilinen Anna Seghers (1900-1983), eserlerinin yakılıp yasaklanması üzerine 1933 yılında yurt dışına kaçmış ve on dört yıl sürgünde kaldıktan sonra 1947 yılında ülkesine dönebilmiştir. Bu süre zarfında birçok eser kaleme alan Seghers, sürgün deneyimlerini eserlerine yansıtmaktan geri kalmamıştır. Sürgünlüğün edebi ve politik kimliği üzerinde büyük bir etkisi olduğunu düşündüğümüz yazar, incelediğimiz bu romanında sürgünlük durumunun her halini gözler önüne sermiştir. Bu durum bizi yazarın eserdeki sürgün izleğini çeşitli başlıklar altında incelemeye yöneltmiştir. Romanı analiz ederken dönemin tarihi arka planını, sosyal ve siyasal olaylarını, ekonomik koşullarını göz önünde bulundurarak sürgünün edebiyata ve bireye etkisini, yazarın bunları romanına nasıl yansıttığını yorumlamaya çalıştık. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nazi, Sürgün, Sürgün Edebiyatı, Anna Seghers, Transit.
In this study, exile and exile literature in general and Anna Seghers's novel Transit in particular were analyzed within the context of German Exile Literature. Writers, poets and thinkers, who have to escape from Nazi Germany owing to ethnic and political reasons, compose the biggest intellectual exile in the history of exile literature. The Nazis' seizure of power was felt in all areas when they took over the government in 1933. The fact that Nazi rule did not tolerate any other ideology except from its own gave harm to literature with burning books. As with media, army and government, Nazi rule took literature under control and it wanted to use literature for its own purposes. The books, which were unwanted, unworthy and unclean, were burnt in the book protests. Since the writers, whose books were burnt and banned, had no life safety and they preferred to flee abroad. However, these writers and poets did not give up writing literary works in exile and these works composed German Exile Literature. Anna Seghers (1900-1983) is known as the most important woman writer of German Exile Literature. She had to flee abroad when her books were burnt and banned in 1933 and she managed to return to Germany after fourteen years of exile in 1947. Seghers produced a lot of works in which she reflected her experiences in this period. The writer, whom we think that the exile has a great influence on her political and literary characteristics, presented each condition of exile in Transit. This condition leads us to analyze the effects of exile under the various subtitles. In our analysis of the novel, we take the historical background, social and political events, and economic condition into consideration and we try to analyze how the writer reflects them to her fiction. Key Words: Nazis, Exile, Exile Literature, Anna Seghers, Transit.
In this study, exile and exile literature in general and Anna Seghers's novel Transit in particular were analyzed within the context of German Exile Literature. Writers, poets and thinkers, who have to escape from Nazi Germany owing to ethnic and political reasons, compose the biggest intellectual exile in the history of exile literature. The Nazis' seizure of power was felt in all areas when they took over the government in 1933. The fact that Nazi rule did not tolerate any other ideology except from its own gave harm to literature with burning books. As with media, army and government, Nazi rule took literature under control and it wanted to use literature for its own purposes. The books, which were unwanted, unworthy and unclean, were burnt in the book protests. Since the writers, whose books were burnt and banned, had no life safety and they preferred to flee abroad. However, these writers and poets did not give up writing literary works in exile and these works composed German Exile Literature. Anna Seghers (1900-1983) is known as the most important woman writer of German Exile Literature. She had to flee abroad when her books were burnt and banned in 1933 and she managed to return to Germany after fourteen years of exile in 1947. Seghers produced a lot of works in which she reflected her experiences in this period. The writer, whom we think that the exile has a great influence on her political and literary characteristics, presented each condition of exile in Transit. This condition leads us to analyze the effects of exile under the various subtitles. In our analysis of the novel, we take the historical background, social and political events, and economic condition into consideration and we try to analyze how the writer reflects them to her fiction. Key Words: Nazis, Exile, Exile Literature, Anna Seghers, Transit.
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Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı, Alman Edebiyatı, Alman Romanı, Nazi, Roman, Seghers, Anna, Sürgün, German Linguistics and Literature, German Literature, German Novel, Nazi, Novel, Seghers, Anna, Exile
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