Biber Çeşitlerinde Farklı Tuz Dozlarının Tohum Çimlenmesine Etkileri
Abstract
Bu çalışma, farklı NaCl konsantrasyonlarının (0, 50, 100 ve 150 mM) dört biber (Capsicum annuum L.) çeşidinin (Karaisalı, BT Bursa Yağlık 016, Yalova Çorbacı 12 ve Demre) tohum çimlenme performansı üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme, kontrollü koşullarda tesadüf parselleri faktöriyel deneme desenine göre dört tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada çimlenme oranı, ortalama çimlenme süresi, çimlenme indeksi, çimlenme hızı indeksi, Timson indeksi ve tuz tolerans indeksi (TTI) belirlenmiş; elde edilen veriler temel bileşen analizi (PCA) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, seçilen uygulamalarda tohum kabuğunun mikroyapısal özellikleri ve elementel dağılımı taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM–EDS) ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, artan NaCl konsantrasyonlarının çimlenme oranı ve çimlenme hızını genel olarak azalttığını, özellikle 100 ve 150 mM düzeylerinde çimlenmenin belirgin şekilde baskılandığını ortaya koymuştur. Çeşitler arasında anlamlı farklılıklar belirlenmiş; Demre çeşidi tüm tuz düzeylerinde yüksek çimlenme indeksi ve çimlenme hızı indeksi değerleriyle öne çıkmıştır. Karaisalı çeşidi ise yüksek NaCl dozlarında dahi çimlenme performansında ani düşüş göstermemiş ve stabil bir çimlenme yanıtı sergilemiştir. Buna karşılık, Bursa çeşidi tüm dozlarda en düşük performansı gösterirken, Yalova çeşidi orta düzey tuzlulukta görece toleranslı, yüksek tuzlulukta ise duyarlı bir yapı sergilemiştir. PCA sonuçları, çeşitlerin üç farklı tolerans grubunda toplandığını ve Demre ile Karaisalı çeşitlerinin yüksek performanslı ve düşük stres kaybına sahip genotipler olduğunu doğrulamıştır. TTI değerleri de bu sınıflandırmayı desteklemiştir. SEM–EDS analizleri, artan tuz dozlarıyla birlikte Na ve Cl elementlerinin tohum dokularında arttığını; buna karşılık K, Ca ve Mg gibi temel besin elementlerinin azaldığını göstermiştir. Yüksek tuzluluk koşullarında tohum kabuğunda hücresel büzüşme ve doku zedelenmeleri gözlenmiş; bu durum çimlenme performansındaki düşüşün yalnızca ozmotik stresle değil, iyonik toksisite ve besin elementleri arasındaki antagonistik etkileşimlerle de ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, çimlenme döneminde kullanılan fizyolojik indeksler ve PCA analizleri, biberde tuz toleransının güvenilir şekilde belirlenmesine olanak sağlamış; Demre ve Karaisalı çeşitlerinin tuzluluk riski bulunan alanlarda yetiştiricilik ve ıslah çalışmaları açısından umut verici genotipler olduğunu göstermiştir.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) on the seed germination performance of four pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars (Karaisalı, BT Bursa Yağlık 016, Yalova Çorbacı 12, and Demre). The experiment was established under controlled conditions according to a factorial completely randomized design with four replications. Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, germination speed index, Timson index, and salt tolerance index (STI) were determined, and the obtained data were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, the microstructural characteristics and elemental composition of the seed coat were examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) in selected treatments. The results indicated that increasing NaCl concentrations generally reduced germination percentage and germination speed, with a pronounced inhibitory effect observed particularly at 100 and 150 mM NaCl levels. Significant differences were detected among cultivars; the Demre cultivar stood out by exhibiting high germination index and germination speed index values across all salinity levels. The Karaisalı cultivar showed a stable germination response and did not exhibit abrupt declines in germination performance even at high NaCl concentrations. In contrast, the Bursa cultivar exhibited the lowest performance at all salinity levels, while the Yalova cultivar displayed relatively higher tolerance under moderate salinity but became sensitive under severe salinity conditions. PCA results classified the cultivars into three distinct tolerance groups and confirmed that Demre and Karaisalı cultivars possessed high performance with minimal stress-related losses. These findings were further supported by the salt tolerance index (STI) values. SEM–EDS analyses revealed that Na and Cl contents in seed tissues increased with rising salinity levels, whereas essential nutrient elements such as K, Ca, and Mg decreased. Under high salinity conditions, cellular shrinkage and tissue damage were observed in the seed coat, indicating that the reduction in germination performance was associated not only with osmotic stress but also with ionic toxicity and antagonistic interactions among nutrient elements. In conclusion, the combined use of physiological indices and PCA during the germination stage enabled a reliable assessment of salt tolerance in pepper, and the results demonstrated that the Demre and Karaisalı cultivars are promising genotypes for cultivation and breeding programs in areas with salinity risk.
This study was conducted to determine the effects of different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) on the seed germination performance of four pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars (Karaisalı, BT Bursa Yağlık 016, Yalova Çorbacı 12, and Demre). The experiment was established under controlled conditions according to a factorial completely randomized design with four replications. Germination percentage, mean germination time, germination index, germination speed index, Timson index, and salt tolerance index (STI) were determined, and the obtained data were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, the microstructural characteristics and elemental composition of the seed coat were examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) in selected treatments. The results indicated that increasing NaCl concentrations generally reduced germination percentage and germination speed, with a pronounced inhibitory effect observed particularly at 100 and 150 mM NaCl levels. Significant differences were detected among cultivars; the Demre cultivar stood out by exhibiting high germination index and germination speed index values across all salinity levels. The Karaisalı cultivar showed a stable germination response and did not exhibit abrupt declines in germination performance even at high NaCl concentrations. In contrast, the Bursa cultivar exhibited the lowest performance at all salinity levels, while the Yalova cultivar displayed relatively higher tolerance under moderate salinity but became sensitive under severe salinity conditions. PCA results classified the cultivars into three distinct tolerance groups and confirmed that Demre and Karaisalı cultivars possessed high performance with minimal stress-related losses. These findings were further supported by the salt tolerance index (STI) values. SEM–EDS analyses revealed that Na and Cl contents in seed tissues increased with rising salinity levels, whereas essential nutrient elements such as K, Ca, and Mg decreased. Under high salinity conditions, cellular shrinkage and tissue damage were observed in the seed coat, indicating that the reduction in germination performance was associated not only with osmotic stress but also with ionic toxicity and antagonistic interactions among nutrient elements. In conclusion, the combined use of physiological indices and PCA during the germination stage enabled a reliable assessment of salt tolerance in pepper, and the results demonstrated that the Demre and Karaisalı cultivars are promising genotypes for cultivation and breeding programs in areas with salinity risk.
Description
Keywords
Ziraat, Stres Toleransı, Tohum Çimlenmesi, Agriculture, Stress Tolerance, Seed Germination
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
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Volume
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End Page
61

